Abstract

Garcinia L. (Clusiaceae) fruits are a rich source of (−)-hydroxycitric acid, and this has gained considerable attention as an anti-obesity agent and a popular weight loss food supplement. In this study, we assessed adulteration of morphologically similar samples of Garcinia using DNA barcoding, and used NMR to quantify the content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid and (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in raw herbal drugs and Garcinia food supplements. DNA barcoding revealed that mostly G. gummi-gutta (previously known as G. cambogia) and G. indica were traded in Indian herbal markets, and there was no adulteration. The content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid and (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone in the two species varied from 1.7% to 16.3%, and 3.5% to 20.7% respectively. Analysis of ten Garcinia food supplements revealed a large variation in the content of (−)-hydroxycitric acid, from 29 mg (4.6%) to 289 mg (50.6%) content per capsule or tablet. Only one product contained quantifiable amounts of (−)-hydroxycitric acid lactone. Furthermore the study demonstrates that DNA barcoding and NMR could be effectively used as a regulatory tool to authenticate Garcinia fruit rinds and food supplements.

Details

Title
Authentication of Garcinia fruits and food supplements using DNA barcoding and NMR spectroscopy
Author
Gopalakrishnan, Saroja Seethapathy 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Margey Tadesse 2 ; Santhosh Kumar J Urumarudappa 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Gunaga, Srikanth V 4 ; Vasudeva, Ramesh 4 ; Malterud, Karl Egil 2 ; Ramanan Uma Shaanker 5 ; de Boer, Hugo J 6 ; Ravikanth, Gudasalamani 7   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Wangensteen, Helle 2 

1  Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway; Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Bangalore, India; Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 
2  Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway 
3  Department of Crop Physiology, School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bangalore, India 
4  Department of Forest Biology, College of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Sirsi, India 
5  Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Bangalore, India; Department of Crop Physiology, School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bangalore, India 
6  Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 
7  Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Bangalore, India 
Pages
1-12
Publication year
2018
Publication date
Jul 2018
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
e-ISSN
20452322
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28635-z
ProQuest document ID
2068894120
Copyright
© 2018. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.