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Abstract
The role of the influenza virus polymerase complex in host range restriction has been well-studied and several host range determinants, such as the polymerase PB2-E627K and PB2-D701N mutations, have been identified. However, there may be additional, currently unknown, human adaptation polymerase mutations. Here, we used a database search of influenza virus H5N1 clade 1.1, clade 2.3.2.1 and clade 2.3.4 strains isolated from 2008–2012 in Southern China, Vietnam and Cambodia to identify polymerase adaptation mutations that had been selected in infected patients. Several of these mutations acted either alone or together to increase viral polymerase activity in human airway cells to levels similar to the PB2-D701N and PB2-E627K single mutations and to increase progeny virus yields in infected mouse lungs to levels similar to the PB2-D701N single mutation. In particular, specific mutations acted synergistically with the PB2-D701N mutation and showed synergistic effects on viral replication both in human airway cells and mice compared with the corresponding single mutations. Thus, H5N1 viruses in infected patients were able to acquire multiple polymerase mutations that acted cooperatively for human adaptation. Our findings give new insight into the human adaptation of AI viruses and help in avian influenza virus risk assessment.
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1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
3 Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
4 Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
5 Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
6 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
7 Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
8 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
9 Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
10 Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Hanoi, Vietnam