最新统计数据[1]显示,肺癌已成为美国男性和女性发病率第二位的恶性肿瘤,死亡率居各恶性肿瘤之首,成为严重危害人类健康的疾病之一。非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)是肺癌最常见的类型,占肺癌的85%,但5年生存率却仅为15%。70%的肺癌患者在确诊时已属晚期,失去了手术机会[2]。如果肺癌患者能早期诊断,5年生存率可达80%[3]。基质金属蛋白酶-7(matrix metalloproteinase 7, MMP-7)又称基质溶解素,是MMPs家族成员之一,具有一定的底物特异性,主要作用于细胞外基质、基底膜及细胞膜表面分子等,它可在人体正常上皮细胞中表达,但活性非常低。MMP-7的过表达发生于各种上皮来源的肿瘤及间质肿瘤,其过表达与肿瘤细胞的发生、浸润、转移和复发等密切相关[4]。
目前,肺癌组织中MMP-7蛋白表达情况的检测国内外有较多的报道,血清中MMP-7的RNA检测近来也有少量报道,但尚未见关于外周血血浆中MMP-7的蛋白水平的研究,本研究旨在通过双抗体ELISA夹心法检测肺癌患者和正常人外周血血浆中MMP-7的蛋白水平,以探讨其是否可以作为肺癌的肿瘤标志物及其与肺癌的关系。
1 材料与方法
1.1 临床资料
实验组为2010年3月-2011年5月在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院确诊的肺癌患者114例。入组标准:①经支气管镜活检、细胞学或术后病理证实为肺癌患者;②未接受过放化疗治疗;③无严重肺间质性疾病。根据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)2004年的肺癌组织学分型标准进行肺癌组织学分型,根据国际抗癌联盟(International Union Against Cancer, UICC)2009年发布的第7版肺癌TNM分期系统进行肺癌分期。114例肺癌患者包括男性77例,女性37例;中位年龄60岁(38岁-78岁);既往有吸烟史65例,无吸烟史49例;肿瘤直径≤3 cm 53例,>3 cm 61例;鳞癌42例,腺癌52例,小细胞肺癌10例,其它(类癌、支气管内粘液表皮样癌、非典型类癌)3例,无明确病理类型7例;低分化38例,中分化47例,高分化8例,无明确分化21例;无淋巴结转移40例,有淋巴结转移59例,淋巴结转移不详15例;I期+II期61例,III期+IV期53例。详细临床资料见表1。
对照组为中国医学科学院肿瘤医院防癌科体检的100例性别和年龄匹配的正常人群,既往均无严重肺间质疾病。
1.2 ELISA方法
用EDTA抗凝管采肺癌患者空腹静脉血,置4 oC冰箱暂存,2 h内送实验室,经低温离心(1,500 rpm, 4 oC, 10 min)分离,取上层血浆分装后保存-80 oC冰箱待检。对照组正常人的外周血样品由中国医学科学院肿瘤医院防癌科提供。应用ELISA双抗体夹心法检测外周血血浆中MMP-7蛋白水平(按照MMP-7 ELISA KIT[美国R&D公司,货号为SMP700]说明书进行)。操作步骤如下:从室温平衡20 min后的铝箔袋中取出所需板条,剩余板条用自封袋密封放回4 oC冰箱;标准蛋白浓度:标准品(S0-S8)浓度依次为0 ng/mL、0.156 ng/mL、0.312 ng/mL、0.625 ng/mL、1.25 ng/mL、2.5 ng/mL、5 ng/mL、10 ng/mL。样本孔先加样本稀释液25 μL,再加待测样本25 μL,标准品孔加50 μL标准品,空白孔加PBS液,置于水平振荡器(500±50)rpm室温孵育2 h。洗板去除多余样品,1×PBST缓冲液洗板4次。加酶标抗体:每个反应孔加200 μL,置于水平振荡器室温孵育2 h。洗板去除多余抗体,1×PBST缓冲液洗板4次。显色:每个反应孔中分别加入200 μL新鲜配置的显色液(A+B),室温避光反应30 min。终止反应:每个反应孔加入终止液50 μL,终止反应。在酶标仪上于450 nm处测定各孔的OD值。标准曲线的建立:分别以浓度为0、0.156 ng/mL、0.312 ng/mL、0.625 ng/mL、1.25 ng/mL、2.5 ng/mL、5 ng/mL和10 ng/mL的MMP-7标准蛋白为S0-S8标准点,检测其OD值,以S0点为空白对照,以S0-S8标准品的浓度为横坐标,相应的OD值为纵坐标,制作出标准品线性回归标准曲线,求得标准曲线公式及相关系数,根据公式计算相应标准品的浓度值(ng/mL)。
1.3 统计学方法
采用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行统计学分析。计量资料进行正态性检验,不符合正态分布的数据进行非参数检验(Mann-Whitney U test),符合正态分布的数据进行t检验。P<005为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 肺癌患者与正常人外周血血浆中MMP-7的蛋白水平
肺癌患者外周血血浆中MMP-7蛋白浓度(n=114, median=0.72 ng/mL)明显高于正常人外周血血浆中MMP-7蛋白浓度(n=100, median=0.30 ng/mL),两组之间差异有统计学意义(Z=-6.649,P<0001,图1)。
2.2 肺癌患者外周血血浆中MMP-7的蛋白浓度与肺癌患者临床特征的关系
将肺癌患者按照临床特征分组,分别比较各组间MMP-7蛋白浓度的差异,结果(表1)提示:年龄(≤60岁和>60岁)、性别(男和女)、吸烟史(有和无)、肿瘤大小(≤3 cm和>3 cm)、病理类型(鳞癌、腺癌、小细胞肺癌等)、淋巴结转移(有和无)及分期(I期+II期和III期+IV期)各组的肺癌患者外周血血浆中MMP-7蛋白浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.3 以血浆中MMP-7浓度作为诊断标准的诊断效能
采用血浆中MMP-7浓度区分肺癌病例和正常人群时,接受者操作特性曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC)的曲线下面积(area under the ROC curve, AUC)为0.764,当cutoff值定为0.56 ng/mL,MMP-7检测肺癌的敏感性为62.3%,特异性为76.0%(图2)。
图 1 肺癌患者和正常人外周血中MMP-7蛋白浓度 Fig 1 MMP-7 concentrations in lung cancer patients and normal controls
图 2 采用血浆中MMP-7浓度区分肺癌患者和正常人的ROC曲线 Fig 2 The ROC curve of MMP-7. ROC: receiver operating characteristic curve.
3 讨论
进入21世纪以后,肺癌已经超过胃癌和肝癌成为我国恶性肿瘤死因的第一位[5]。2005年我国肺癌新发病例数为536,407人,死亡病例数475,768人,年平均增长1.63%[6],早期肺癌经积极治疗,5年生存率可达60%以上,但肺癌的总体5年生存率却低于15%,主要原因是肺癌发病隐匿,多数在诊断时已属晚期。因此,研究肺癌的生物学特性对肺癌的诊治显得尤为重要。
基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)是一类具有Zn2+依赖性的内源性蛋白水解酶,几乎能降解除多糖外细胞外基质的所有成分。自1962年Gross等人首先发现第一种间质胶原酶并命名为MMP-1后,至今在MMP家族中至少已发现25个成员[7]。MMP-7是一种分泌型蛋白,由Sellers和Woessner于1980年在大鼠子宫中发现,1988年第一次成功克隆出人的同源基因[8]。人类MMP-7基因定位于11q21-q22,与MMPs家族其它MMP相比较,MMP-7分子量只有28 kDa,是目前所发现的相对分子质量最小的MMPs。MMP-7在消化道肿瘤的进展期存在过表达现象,如食管[9]、胃[10]、结肠[11]、肝[12]和胰腺[13]。Liu等[14]研究了MMP-7在人类肺腺癌A549细胞系中的表达及作用,提示MMP-7与肺癌细胞增殖、凋亡相关。
本研究通过ELISA法检测114例肺癌患者和100例正常人外周血血浆中MMP-7蛋白水平,证实肺癌患者外周血血浆中MMP-7蛋白水平明显高于正常人外周血血浆中MMP-7蛋白水平(P<0001),当cutoff值为0.56 ng/mL时,MMP-7检测肺癌的敏感性为62.3%,特异性为76.0%,说明MMP-7可能成为一种辅助肺癌诊断的肿瘤标志物,并有希望成为一种新的肺癌治疗的靶向药物的靶标。但因MMP-7表达于各种上皮来源的肿瘤及间质肿瘤,无特异性,故目前尚无证据表明其可以早期诊断肺癌。况且,肺癌的早期诊断是一项重大的挑战,尤其是单一标志物更难以做到。
目前, 已有多项研究[15-17]报告证实肺癌组织中MMP-7的表达明显高于正常肺组织,且肺癌组织中MMP-7的表达与肿瘤的分化、淋巴结转移、分期及预后等密切相关,但也有研究[18]表明肺癌组织中MMP-7的表达与肿瘤的淋巴结转移及分期等无关。但尚未见有肺癌患者外周血中MMP-7蛋白水平与肿瘤分化、淋巴结转移及分期等生物学特性的相关文章报道。本研究通过ELISA法检测肺癌患者外周血中MMP-7蛋白浓度,然后根据肺癌的生物学特性进行分组分析,结果表明肺癌患者外周血中MMP-7蛋白浓度与肺癌患者的年龄、性别、有无吸烟史、肿瘤大小、病理类型、淋巴结有无转移及分期均无明显相关性,分析原因可能为:①样本量的限制;②目前尚无证据证明肺癌组织中MMP-7表达与外周血中MMP-7蛋白水平有一致性;③外周血中的肿瘤标志物仅具有辅助诊断的作用,与肿瘤的生物学特性本来就没有直接的关系(目前已被临床广泛接受并应用的外周血PSA、AFP等标志物可以辅助甚至早期诊断前列腺癌、肝细胞肝癌等,但临床已证实其浓度与肿瘤的生物学特性无相关性)。因此,尚需要更进一步大样本的临床研究证实。
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1Department of Thoracic Surgery; 2Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
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Abstract
背景与目的 基质金属蛋白酶7(matrix metalloproteinase 7, MMP-7)又称基质溶解素,是MMPs家族成员之一,本研究旨在检测MMP-7在肺癌患者和正常人外周血血浆中的蛋白水平,并探讨其临床意义。方法 采用酶联接免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbnent assay, ELISA)检测114例肺癌患者和100名正常人外周血血浆标本中的MMP-7浓度。结果 肺癌患者外周血血浆中的MMP-7蛋白浓度(n=114, median=0.72 ng/mL)明显高于正常人外周血血浆中的MMP-7蛋白浓度(n=100, median=0.30 ng/mL, P<0.001),当cutoff值为0.56 ng/mL时,MMP-7检测肺癌的敏感性为62.3%,特异性为76.0%。但是,肺癌患者外周血血浆中MMP-7的蛋白水平与患者的年龄、性别、吸烟史、肿瘤大小、病理类型、淋巴结转移及分期均无关(P>0.05)。结论 外周血血浆中MMP-7可以作为辅助肺癌诊断的一种肿瘤标志物,但其与肺癌的各项临床参数之间无明显联系,需要进一步扩大样本进行分析。
Background and objective Matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7), also known as matrilysin, is a member of the MMP family. The objectives of this study were to test MMP-7 protein levels in the peripheral blood of lung cancer patients and healthy control subjects and to determine their corresponding clinical significance. Methods Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 114 lung cancer patients and 100 healthy control subjects. MMP-7 protein levels in the plasma were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The plasma protein levels of MMP-7 in lung cancer patients (median=0.72 ng/mL) were significantly higher than those in healthy control subjects (median=0.30 ng/mL)(P<0.001). When the cutoff of MMP-7 protein level was set at 0.56 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of detecting lung cancer were 62.3% and 76.0%, respectively. However, the lung cancer patients and healthy control subjects did not statistically differ in age, sex, smoking status, tumor size, pathological classification, as well as lymphatic metastasis and stage (P>0.05). Conclusion The plasma protein levels of MMP-7 increase in the peripheral blood of lung cancer patients. Peripheral blood MMP-7 can be used as a tumor marker for detecting lung cancer. The fact that no significant correlation between the protein levels of MMP-7 and lung cancer clinical parameters was observed in this study warrants further analysis in larger samples.
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