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Abstract
Carotid artery intima media thickness (cIMT) and carotid plaque are measures of subclinical atherosclerosis associated with ischemic stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD). Here, we undertake meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in 71,128 individuals for cIMT, and 48,434 individuals for carotid plaque traits. We identify eight novel susceptibility loci for cIMT, one independent association at the previously-identified PINX1 locus, and one novel locus for carotid plaque. Colocalization analysis with nearby vascular expression quantitative loci (cis-eQTLs) derived from arterial wall and metabolic tissues obtained from patients with CHD identifies candidate genes at two potentially additional loci, ADAMTS9 and LOXL4. LD score regression reveals significant genetic correlations between cIMT and plaque traits, and both cIMT and plaque with CHD, any stroke subtype and ischemic stroke. Our study provides insights into genes and tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms linking atherosclerosis both to its functional genomic origins and its clinical consequences in humans.
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1 Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
3 Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
4 Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
5 Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
6 Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
7 Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
8 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
9 Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
10 Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland; University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
11 Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
12 Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
13 Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
14 Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, , University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
15 Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
16 Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
17 Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden
18 Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
19 Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, The Netherlands
20 Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
21 Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NHLBI, NIH, Framingham, MA, USA; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Intramural Research Program, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
22 Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
23 Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
24 Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
25 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
26 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
27 Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
28 Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
29 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
30 MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
31 Department of Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
32 Department of Epidemiology, and School of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
33 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
34 Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translation Medicine, University of Tartu, Biomeedikum, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
35 Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
36 Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
37 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
38 Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, HL, The Netherlands
39 Applied Sciences, Premier, Inc., Charlotte, NC, USA
40 Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
41 Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
42 St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
43 LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Germany
44 Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
45 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
46 Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy
47 Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
48 Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
49 Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
50 Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
51 Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
52 Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
53 Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
54 Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, The Netherlands
55 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands
56 Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
57 Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
58 LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Laboratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
59 Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
60 Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
61 Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
62 Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
63 Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands
64 Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
65 Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
66 DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
67 Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
68 Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
69 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Social and Economic Research, Essex University, Colchester, UK
70 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
71 Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
72 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
73 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Electrocardiography Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
74 Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
75 Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
76 Inserm U1167, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167, Lille, France; Université de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE & Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, U1167, Lille, France
77 Sorbonne Université, Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
78 Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
79 Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
80 Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
81 LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
82 Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
83 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
84 Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
85 Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Mental Health and Wellbeing, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
86 Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, London, UK
87 Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
88 Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC, The Netherlands
89 Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
90 Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
91 Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
92 Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
93 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
94 Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
95 Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
96 Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
97 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Intramural Research Program, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Section of Biomedical Genetics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
98 Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
99 Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
100 Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
101 INSERM U1219 Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
102 Stroke Research Group, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
103 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, MGH, Boston, MA, USA
104 Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
105 deCODE genetics/AMGEN inc, Reykjavik, Iceland
106 J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, MGH, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
107 Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
108 Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
109 Albrecht Kossel Institute, University Clinic of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
110 J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, MGH, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, AA Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
111 Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
112 Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
113 School of Life Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
114 Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
115 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
116 MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
117 Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut of Research, Neurology and Medicine Departments-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundacio Docència i Recerca MutuaTerrassa, Terrassa, Spain
118 Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Translational Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
119 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
120 Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
121 Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Baltimore VAMC, Baltimore, MD, USA
122 Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
123 Department of Psychiatry,The Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration (HPAN), Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
124 MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
125 Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
126 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Intramural Research Program, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
127 Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
128 MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
129 Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Neurorehabilitation Unit, University and University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation Basel, Felix Platter Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
130 Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
131 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
132 Neuroscience Institute, SF Medical Center, Trenton, NJ, USA
133 Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
134 Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
135 Department of Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
136 National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; FIMM - Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
137 Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
138 School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
139 Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
140 Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
141 Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
142 Neurovascular Research Group (NEUVAS), Neurology Department, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigació Mèdica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
143 Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
144 Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
145 University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
146 RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
147 University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
148 Department of Neurology, Radiology, and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
149 Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
150 University of Lille, INSERM U1171, CHU Lille, Lille, France
151 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, UK; SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
152 Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
153 Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
154 Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
155 University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Health, Ultimo, Australia
156 Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
157 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
158 Division of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, FL, USA
159 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
160 Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Clinical Research Facility, Department of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
161 Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
162 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
163 Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
164 Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
165 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
166 Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
167 Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
168 National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
169 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
170 University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Community Medicine, SHIP-KEF, Greifswald, Germany
171 Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
172 University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
173 Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
174 Department of Clinical Neurosciences/Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
175 Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Australia; Austin Health, Department of Neurology, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
176 School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing at the University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
177 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
178 Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
179 Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
180 Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
181 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France; ICAN, Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
182 Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
183 Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Office of Research and Development, Seattle, WA, USA
184 Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Research, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Rud, Norway
185 Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
186 Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
187 Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
188 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
189 Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
190 Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
191 Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, RB, Netherlands
192 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, London, UK
193 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, UK
194 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Intramural Research Program, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
195 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
196 Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
197 Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
198 Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
199 Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
200 deCODE genetics/AMGEN inc, Reykjavik, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
201 Departments of Neurology and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
202 MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
203 Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
204 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
205 GGZ inGeest and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
206 Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
207 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
208 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
209 Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
210 Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
211 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
212 Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
213 Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
214 Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
215 DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
216 Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translation Medicine, University of Tartu, Biomeedikum, Tartu, Estonia; Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
217 Intramural Administration Management Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Cardiology Section, Boston Veteran’s Administration Healthcare, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA