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Abstract
We estimated monthly air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas north of 60∘ N from 1997 to 2014. This was done by mapping partial pressure of CO2 in the surface water (pCO2w) using a self-organizing map (SOM) technique incorporating chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a), sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, sea ice concentration, atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio, and geographical position. We applied new algorithms for extracting Chl a from satellite remote sensing reflectance with close examination of uncertainty of the obtained Chl a values. The overall relationship between pCO2w and Chl a was negative, whereas the relationship varied among seasons and regions. The addition of Chl a as a parameter in the SOM process enabled us to improve the estimate of pCO2w, particularly via better representation of its decline in spring, which resulted from biologically mediated pCO2w reduction. As a result of the inclusion of Chl a, the uncertainty in the CO2 flux estimate was reduced, with a net annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake of 180 ± 130 Tg C yr−1. Seasonal to interannual variation in the CO2 influx was also calculated.
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Details
1 Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan; Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
2 Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
3 Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
4 Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Climate Sciences Department, Bremerhaven, Germany
5 Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
6 Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Norway
7 Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway
8 Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway; Uni Research Climate, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
9 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, USA
10 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
11 Oceanography and Geochemistry Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
12 Uni Research Climate, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
13 Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Groningen University, the Netherlands
14 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Arctic Research Program, Seattle, WA, USA