Untargeted metabolomics by high resolution mass spectrometry coupled to normal and reversed phase liquid chromatography as a tool to study the in vitro biotransformation of new psychoactive substances

Abstract

In 2016, several synthetic cathinones were seized by the State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Bavaria in Germany. Due to their previous appearances in other countries their metabolism was already investigated in human urine as well as different in vitro models. These investigations were conducted using ordinary metabolism studies for drugs of abuse by using general knowledge about drug metabolism and visual comparison of mass spectra. The present study aimed to use untargeted metabolomics to support and improve those methods that highly depend on the investigators experience. Incubations were conducted using pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) and the two cathinones 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-butanone and 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-heptanone. Samples were analyzed by LC-HRMS/MS using a metabolomics workflow consisting of a reversed phase or normal phase separation followed by electrospray ionization and full scan in positive or negative mode. LC-MS data was afterwards statistically evaluated using principal component analysis, t-distributed stochastic neighborhood embedding, and hierarchical clustering. Significant features were then identified using MS/MS. The workflow revealed 24 significant features after 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-butanone and 39 after 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-heptanone incubation, consisting of adducts, artifacts, isomers, and metabolites. The applied untargeted metabolomics strategy was able to find almost all of the metabolites that were previously described for 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-butanone in literature as well as three additional metabolites. Concerning 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-heptanone biotransformation in pHLM, merely four metabolites described in primary human hepatocytes and human urine were not found. This study revealed that untargeted metabolomics workflows are well suited to support biotransformation studies at least of the investigated compounds in pHLM.