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Abstract
The IceCube Collaboration has observed a high-energy astrophysical neutrino flux and recently found evidence for neutrino emission from the blazar TXS 0506\[+\]056. These results open a new window into the high-energy universe. However, the source or sources of most of the observed flux of astrophysical neutrinos remains uncertain. Here, a search for steady point-like neutrino sources is performed using an unbinned likelihood analysis. The method searches for a spatial accumulation of muon-neutrino events using the very high-statistics sample of about 497,000 neutrinos recorded by IceCube between 2009 and 2017. The median angular resolution is \[\sim 1^\circ \] at 1 TeV and improves to \[\sim 0.3^\circ \] for neutrinos with an energy of 1 PeV. Compared to previous analyses, this search is optimized for point-like neutrino emission with the same flux-characteristics as the observed astrophysical muon-neutrino flux and introduces an improved event-reconstruction and parametrization of the background. The result is an improvement in sensitivity to the muon-neutrino flux compared to the previous analysis of \[\sim 35\%\] assuming an \[E^{-2}\] spectrum. The sensitivity on the muon-neutrino flux is at a level of \[E^2 \mathrm {d} N /\mathrm {d} E = 3\cdot 10^{-13}\,\mathrm {TeV}\,\mathrm {cm}^{-2}\,\mathrm {s}^{-1}\]. No new evidence for neutrino sources is found in a full sky scan and in an a priori candidate source list that is motivated by gamma-ray observations. Furthermore, no significant excesses above background are found from populations of sub-threshold sources. The implications of the non-observation for potential source classes are discussed.
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Details
1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
2 DESY, Zeuthen, Germany
3 Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
4 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
5 Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
6 Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
7 Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
8 Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
9 Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
10 III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
11 Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA
12 Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
13 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
14 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
15 Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
16 Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
17 Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
18 Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
19 Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
20 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
21 Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
22 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
23 Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
24 Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
25 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
26 Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
27 School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
28 SNOLAB, Lively, ON, Canada
29 Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
30 Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
31 Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
32 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
33 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
34 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
35 Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
36 Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
37 Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
38 Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
39 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
40 Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
41 Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
42 Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
43 CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
44 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
45 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
46 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
47 Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DESY, Zeuthen, Germany
48 Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
49 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI, USA
50 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
51 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
52 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
53 Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
54 Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA