OVIPOSITION OF THE NEOTROPICAL BROWN STINK BUG EUSCHISTUS HEROS (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) ON ARTIFICIAL AND ON NATURAL SUBSTRATES

The Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (F.), a major component of the pest complex on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) (Panizzi et al. 2000a), can be reared under laboratory conditions with high rates of survivorship and fecundity (Peres & Corrêa-Ferreira 2001; Silva et al. 2008). However, it is critical to provide a suitable oviposition substrate in order to concentrate the egg masses and to reduce input to routine maintenance.

Pentatomids oviposit on a variety of artificial substrates (Shearer & Jones 1996; Bundy & McPherson 2000; Panizzi et al. 2000b; Panizzi et al. 2004; Silva & Panizzi 2008) and E. heros oviposits on cotton balls (Silva & Panizzi 2007). However, an earlier study did not test the preference of E. heros to oviposit on cotton balls versus other artificial substrates or its host plant, soybean. This study was conducted to compare oviposition of E. heros on artificial substrates of cotton, cheesecloth, polyester veil, and living soybean plants.

A laboratory colony was established from field collected E. heros by putting 30 pairs of E. heros on pods of green beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., raw shelled peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L., and fruits (berries) of privet, Ligustrum lucidum Ait. (Oleaceae). The colony was maintained in an environmental chamber at 25 ± 1°C temperature, 60 ± 10% RH and with a photoperiod of 14:10 h (L:D). Food was replaced every other day.

Experiments were conducted to compare oviposition on several substrates, as follows: (1) Oviposition on a cotton ball (2 cm diameter, from Cremer S.A., Blumenau, SC, Brazil), a 3 × 3 cmpiece of extra fine cheesecloth (Têxtil São João Ltda, São João da Boa Vista, RS, Brazil), or a 3 × 3 cm-piece of polyester veil (mesh 1.0 mm, from Bankike-Com. e Ind. de Rendas Ltda, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil). One male and 1 female were placed in a covered translucent plastic box (11 × 11 × 3.5 cm) lined with filter paper and containing pods of green beans and raw shelled peanuts (n = 12 replicates). Egg masses, total eggs, and eggs/mass were recorded daily for 6 d on the 3 substrates. (2) Oviposition on a cotton ball or on a soybean leaflet, and (3) Oviposition on a cotton ball or a soybean pod. In these experiment 5 pairs of E. heros were placed (1 pair per box) in boxes containing a cotton ball and a soybean leaflet (with the petiole placed in a vial containing water) or a cotton ball and a soybean pod (BRS 267 cultivar). Each box had a raw shelled peanut as food. Data on number of egg masses, eggs and eggs/mass were collected for 12 d. (4) Oviposition on a cotton ball, a soybean leaflet, or a soybean pod. One pair of E. heros in a box as described above were observed daily for 3 d, and eggs recorded (n = 8 replicates). (5) Oviposition on cotton balls tied to a living, potted soybean plant (BRS 267 cultivar) at the full pod-filling stage, or on the potted plant itself. Two cotton balls were tied on each plant, 1 near the top and the other near the bottom. Ten pairs of E. heros were placed in each of 4 netted cages (50 × 50 × 30 cm) containing the soybean plant and cotton balls. Egg masses, eggs and eggs/mass deposited on the plant and on the cotton balls were recorded for 4 d.

Data were analyzed by (ANOVA), and means were separated by Tukey's test for multiple comparisons, or by Student's t test when comparing only 2 means. SAS 8.2 (SAS Institute 1981, Zar 1984) was used for the analyses.

Tables 1 and 2 show that more eggs were laid on a cotton ball than any other substrate including leaves or pods from soybean plants. The mean number of eggs/mass did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) on the different substrates. Only 1 egg mass was laid on the soybean pod, and consequently data were excluded from analyses. When cotton balls were hung at the top and bottom of a soybean plant, E. heros laid 58% of the egg masses on the balls, despite the much greater area of foliage available for egg masses. Less than 45% of the egg masses were laid on the leaflets and pods, with pods receiving significantly fewer egg masses (6%). Euschistus heros is known to prefer to deposit its eggs on soybean leaves rather than on pods (Villas Bôas & Panizzi 1980). These results conclusively demonstrate that cotton balls are a suitable oviposition substrate for the Neotropical brown stink bug, and show that cotton balls are as acceptable as whole soybean plants. With all egg masses concentrated on cotton balls, routine maintenance of laboratory colonies is greatly simplified.

SUMMARY

Laboratory studies indicated that the Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) prefers cotton ball over polyester veil and cheesecloth as ovipositional substrate. In dual and multiple choice tests cotton balls were greatly preferred as ovipositional substrates over soybean leaflets or bean pods, and cotton balls are as acceptable as a living soybean plant. The use of cotton balls greatly simplifies routine maintenance of laboratory colonies.

References

REFERENCES CITED

BUNDY, C. S., AND MCPHERSON, R. M. 2000. Morphological examination of stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) eggs on cotton and soybeans, with a key to genera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. America 93(3): 616- 624.

MORAES, M. C. B., LAUMANN, R., SUJII, E. R., PIRES, C., AND BORGES, M. 2005. Induced volatiles in soybean and pigeon pea plants artificially infested with the neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros, and their effect on the egg parasitoid, Telenomus podisi. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 155(1): 227-237.

PANIZZI, A. R., MCPHERSON, J. E., JAMES, D. G., JAVAHERY, M., AND MCPHERSON, R. M. 2000a. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae), pp. 421-474 In C. W. Schaefer and A. R. Panizzi [eds.], Heteroptera of Economic Importance, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.

PANIZZI, A. R., PARRA, J. R. P., SANTOS, C. H., AND CARVALHO, D. R. 2000b. Rearing the southern green stink bug using an artificial dry diet and an artificial plant. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 35(9): 1709-1715.

PANIZZI, A. R., BERHOW, M., AND BARTELT, R. J. 2004. Artificial substrate bioassay for testing oviposition of southern green stink bug conditioned by soybean plant chemical extracts. Environ. Entomol. 33(5): 1217-1222.

PERES, W. A. A., AND CORRÊA-FERREIRA, B. S. 2001. Nymphal and adult performance of Euschistus heros (Fabr.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) as a potential alternative host for egg parasitoids multiplication. Neotrop. Entomol. 30(4): 535-540.

RIZZO, H. F. 1976. Hemípteros de interés agrícola. Editorial Hemisferio Sur, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

SAS INSTITUTE. 1981. SAS for Linear Models. A Guide to the ANOVA and GLM Procedures. SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.

SHEARER, P. W., AND JONES, V. P. 1996. Suitability of macadamia nut as a host plant of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 89(4): 996-1003.

SILVA, F. A. C., AND PANIZZI, A. R. 2007. Cotton balls as an oviposition substrate for laboratory rearing of phytophagous stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. America 100(5): 745- 748.

SILVA, F. A. C., AND PANIZZI, A. R. 2008. The adequacy of artificial oviposition substrates for laboratory rearing of Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. 52(1): 131-134.

SILVA, C. C., LAUMANN, R. A., BLASSIOLI, M. C., PAREJA, M., AND BORGES, M. 2008. Euschistus heros mass rearing technique for the multiplication of Telenomus podisi. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 43(5): 575-580.

VILLAS BÔAS, G. L., AND PANIZZI, A. R. 1980. Biologia de Euschistus heros (Fabricius 1789) em soja (Glycine max L. Merrill). An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 9(1): 105- 113.

ZAR, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis (2nd ed.) Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.