Fasudil inhibits actin polymerization and collagen synthesis and induces apoptosis in human urethral scar fibroblasts via the Rho/ROCK pathway

Abstract

Purpose: To examine the effects and mechanism of action of fasudil on cytoskeletal polymerization, collagen synthesis, and apoptosis in fibroblasts derived from human urethral scar tissue.

Materials and methods: Fibroblasts treated with or without transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1, 10 ng/mL) were incubated with fasudil (12.5, 25, 50 µmol/L) for 24 hours. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of Arp2, Arp3, WASP, and WAVE2. Collagen I and III protein levels were also evaluated by Western blotting. The filamentous actin cytoskeleton was examined by immunofluorescence and epifluorescence microscopy. An Annexin V-FITC/PI staining assay was used to investigate apoptosis.

Results: TGF-β1-dependent induction of actin polymerization and collagen synthesis and promotion of apoptosis were dose dependent. When compared with untreated controls, fasudil significantly decreased the expression of Arp2, Arp3, WASP, WAVE2, Collagen I, and Collagen III in cells treated with or without TGF-β1. Fasudil also promoted apoptosis in cells, irrespective of TGF-β1 treatment.

Conclusion: Irrespective of TGF-β1 activation status, fasudil suppressed actin polymerization and collagen synthesis and induced apoptosis in human urethral scar fibroblasts via the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway.

Introduction

Urethral stricture is a challenging and common problem in urology.^1–3 The mechanism of this fibrotic disease is unclear, and both its surgical and medical management remain unsatisfactory. Quality of life is significantly affected in patients with urethral stricture.⁴

Chemical agents and extracellular signaling factors can induce changes in the morphology, proliferation, and migratory potential of urethral fibroblasts. Previous studies have shown that excessive fibroblast proliferation and migration, collagen synthesis and secretion, and extracellular matrix deposition and contraction are involved in the process of urethral stricture.^5,6 Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in the formation of urethral scar tissue.⁷

Arp2/3 complex promotes the assembly of new actin filaments (F-actin) to mediate cytoskeletal changes in response to extracellular signals, as well as to monitor and regulate actin polymerization.^8,9 The Arp2/3 complex is intrinsically inactive but is activated through interactions with nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs).^8,10 WASP and WAVE2 are two members of the NPF family that are required for Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin nucleation.

ROCK-dependent signaling pathway has been implicated in scar formation.^11,12 Fasudil is an inhibitor of ROCK and suppresses fibrosis in various diseases.^13–15 However, the effects of fasudil on the cytoskeleton, collagen synthesis, and apoptosis of urethral fibroblasts have not been evaluated. In this study, we examined the effects and mechanism of action of fasudil on these aspects of cellular behavior in fibroblasts derived from human urethral scar tissue.

Materials and methods

Ethical statement

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, and all patients provided written informed consent.

Patients, tissue samples, and cell lines

Surgical specimens of urethral stricture obtained from five patients aged 25–31 years who underwent surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University were included in this study. None of the patients had received chemotherapy or radiotherapy before surgery. Primary urethral scar fibroblasts were cultured as previously described.⁷ Finally, only one patient-derived fibroblast culture was used in this study. Cells at passage 4–8 were used in all experiments. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. Analysis of vimentin staining by immunofluorescence confirmed that cultured cells were fibroblasts.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)

Total RNA was extracted from passage 4 primary human urethral stricture fibroblasts using Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase and oligo-dT primers (Invitrogen) were used to generate single-stranded cDNA. iCycler (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and SYBR Green PCR master-mix reagents (Abgene, Portsmouth, NH, USA) were then used to perform qRT-PCR. The following primers were used for the amplification of specific target genes: human Arp2 (F: 5′-CACCTGTGGGACTACACATTTG-3′; R: 5′-TGGTTGGGTTCATAGGAGGTTC-3′); human Arp3 (F: 5′-TTCAACCATGTTC-AGGGAC-3′; R: 5′-GGCTTCAATCTACCACCA-3′); human WASP (F: 5′-GATGCT-TGGACGAAAATGCTTG-3′; R: 5′-CCCCACAATGCTCCTTGGT-3′); human WAVE2 (F: 5′-CTCGGGTAAGCTCCCTTGC-3′; R: 5′-GCTTTTCGGGTGTTGATT-CCTT-3′). Fold changes in expression were calculated using the 2^−ΔΔCt method on data acquired from three experiments. β-actin was used as reference genes and gave comparable results.

Western blot analysis

SDS-PAGE and Western blotting were performed as previously described.⁷ Primary antibodies against Arp2 (MD6566), Arp3 (MD6567), WASP (MD6568), WAVE2 (MD6565), Collagen I (MD6569), and Collagen III (MD6570), and secondary horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse (MD2142) and goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies (MD2141) were all purchased from MDL Biotechnology (Beijing, China). All immunoblotting experiments were repeated at least three times. The OD of protein bands was determined using a gel imaging analysis system (GelDoc-It310; UVP, Upland, CA, USA).

Immunofluorescence analysis

Cells on coverslips were processed for immunofluorescence analysis as described previously.¹⁶ Briefly, cells were washed once in ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) before lysis with actin stabilization buffer (0.1 M PIPES, pH 6.9, 30% glycerol, 5% DMSO, 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mM EGTA, 1% TX-100, 1 mM ATP, and protease inhibitor) on ice for 10 minutes.¹⁷ The cells were then washed with PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes, and permeabilized in 0.25% Triton X-100/PBS for 5 minutes. To label the actin cytoskeleton, cells were incubated with Alexa-488-conjugated phalloidin for 1 hour at room temperature (Invitrogen). DAPI (Invitrogen) was used as a counterstain. Cells on coverslips were imaged on an epifluorescence microscope (Leica DM3000; Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). The same microscope and acquisition settings were used for all samples, enabling intergroup comparisons to be made following the quantitative analysis of image data. Captured fluorescence images were analyzed using MetaMorph software (Molecular Devices, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA).

Apoptosis assay

Annexin V binding and propidium iodide staining were used to evaluate the effects of fasudil on apoptosis in urethral scar fibroblasts treated with or without TGF-β1. The apoptosis assay was performed using the Apoptosis Detection Kit (Haige Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China) as described previously.¹⁸ The control group was treated with additional binding buffer. Flow cytometry was used to acquire data on cells in the early, late, and final (postapoptotic) stages of apoptosis.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (Version 19.0; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Each experiment was performed in triplicate. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The Mann–Whitney U-test or Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyze differences between paired groups. P-values <0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.

Results

Identification of urethral scar fibroblast

The presence of urethral scar fibroblasts in day 2–3 urethral stricture tissue explant cultures was determined by immunofluorescence staining for vimentin. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that cultured cells were positive for vimentin (Figure 1A and B).

Figure 1 Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrating positive staining for the fibroblast marker vimentin in cell cultures derived from human urethral scar tissue and healthy urethral tissue. Notes: Panels (A, B) are epifluorescence images of staining acquired on (A) human urethral scar tissue and (B) healthy urethral tissue at 400× magnification, respectively. Composite images of both channels are shown in the final column. In human urethral scar tissue, the epifluorescence images of DAPI are blue and vimentin in red. In healthy urethral tissue, the epifluorescence images of DAPI are in blue and vimentin in green.

Effects of fasudil on Arp2, WAVE2, Arp3, and WASP mRNA expression

TGF-β1 significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of Arp2, WAVE2, Arp3, and WASP in primary human urethral scar fibroblasts (P<0.05; Figure 2A–D). Fasudil significantly decreased the mRNA expression levels of these genes in a dose-dependent manner in both the TGF-β1-treated and -untreated groups (Figure 2A–D).

Figure 2 Effects of fasudil on (A) Arp2, (B) WAVE2, (C) Arp3, and (D) WASP mRNA expression in cells treated with/without TGF-β1. Notes: mRNA expression levels were determined by qRT-PCR. GAPDH was used as a reference gene. Data are expressed as means ± SD and, each experiment was performed in triplicate. *P<0.05 cf control group; **P<0.05 cf TGF-β1 group. Abbreviations: TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Effects of fasudil on Arp2, Arp3, WASP, WAVE2, Collagen I, and Collagen III protein levels

TGF-β1 significantly increased the expression of Arp2, Arp3, WASP, WAVE2, Collagen I, and Collagen III protein in human urethral scar fibroblasts, when compared with the untreated control group (P<0.05; Figure 3A). Fasudil significantly suppressed the expression of all these proteins in both TGF-β1-treated and -untreated cells in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 3B).

Figure 3 (A) Representative Western blot demonstrating the effects of fasudil on the expression of the indicated actin- and extracellular matrix-related proteins in fibroblasts treated with or without TGF-β1. Notes: TGF-β1 significantly increased the expression of Arp2, Arp3, WASP, WAVE2, Collagen I, and Collagen III protein levels in human urethral scar fibroblasts, when compared with the untreated control group (P<0.05). Fasudil significantly decreased the expression levels of Arp2, Arp3, WASP, WAVE2, Collagen I, and Collagen III in a dose-dependent manner in both the TGF-β1-treated and -untreated groups. (B) Densitometry analysis was performed to determine the effects of each treatment on the expression of these proteins. In each case, protein expression was normalized to the GAPDH loading control. Data are expressed as means ± SD, and each experiment was performed in triplicate. *P<0.05 cf control group; **P<0.05 cf TGF-β1 group. Abbreviation: TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1.

Effects of fasudil on the actin cytoskeleton

The effects of fasudil on the filamentous actin cytoskeleton of human urethral scar fibroblasts treated with or without TGF-β1 were determined by immunofluorescence analysis (Figure 4). The immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that the F-actin bundles were seen throughout the cell, as can be seen in Figure 4A (control group) and Figure 4E (treated with TGF-β1 10 ng/mL only), there was no significant difference in terms of the F-actin staining between two groups. When compared with controls (Figure 4A, control group), a decrease in F-actin bundles and a concomitant increase in F-actin clumps/globular structures were observed with the increase of fasudil concentration (Figure 4B–D). When compared with controls (Figure 4E, treated with TGF-β1 10 ng/mL only), a decrease in F-actin bundles and a concomitant increase in F-actin clumps/globular structures were also observed with an increase in fasudil concentration (Figure 4F–H; all treated with TGF-β1 10 ng/mL, respectively). Thus, fasudil treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in F-actin bundles and a concomitant increase in F-actin globular structures in cells of both the TGF-β1-treated and -untreated groups (Figure 4B–D and F–H).

Figure 4 Epifluorescence images of DAPI (blue) and F-actin (green) staining demonstrating the effects of fasudil on the filamentous actin cytoskeleton of urethral scar fibroblasts treated with or without TGF-β1. Notes: Images were acquired at 400× magnification. Cell treatments are as follows: (A) control; (B) fasudil 12.5 μmol/L; (C) fasudil 25 μmol/L; (D) fasudil 50 μmol/L; (E) TGF-β1 10 ng/mL; (F) TGF-β1 10 ng/mL + fasudil 12.5 μmol/L; (G) TGF-β1 10 ng/mL + fasudil 25 μmol/L; (H) TGF-β1 10 ng/mL + fasudil 50 μmol/L for 24 hours. Abbreviation: TGF-β1; transforming growth factor-β1.

Effects of fasudil on apoptosis

Annexin V-FITC/PI assay was used for the effects of fasudil on the apoptosis of fibroblast (Figure 5). The percentage of apoptotic cells after 24 hours was significantly decreased in TGF-β1 group when compared with the control group, demonstrating the prosurvival effects of this growth factor on human urethral scar fibroblasts (P<0.05; Figure 5A and E). Fasudil significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in both the TGF-β1-treated and -untreated groups (Figure 5B–D and F–H). Fasudil therefore has a proapoptotic effect on human urethral scar fibroblasts, irrespective of the effects of TGF-β1.

Figure 5 The dose-dependent effects of fasudil on apoptosis in urethral scar fibroblasts treated with or without TGF-β1 were evaluated by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and flow cytometry. Notes: In each plot, the lower right quadrant represents cells in the early stages of apoptosis (Annexin V-FITC+/PI−), the upper right quadrant represents cells in the late stages of apoptosis (Annexin V-FITC+/PI+), the upper left quadrant represents necrotic cells (Annexin V-FITC−/PI+), and the lower left quadrant represents viable cells (Annexin V-FITC−/PI−). For each panel, cell treatments (24 hours) were as follows: (A) control; (B) fasudil 12.5 μmol/L; (C) fasudil 25 μmol/L; (D) fasudil 50 μmol/L; (E) TGF-β1 10 ng/mL; (F) TGF-β1 10 ng/mL + fasudil 12.5 μmol/L; (G) TGF-β1 10 ng/mL + fasudil 25 μmol/L; (H) TGF-β1 10 ng/mL + fasudil 50 μmol/L. Abbreviation: TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1.

Discussion

Urethral stricture can result from trauma, idiopathic, or iatrogenic etiologies and inflammation. As a consequence, urethral stricture may result in recurrent infection, bladder calculi, and chronic renal insufficiency.

This study demonstrated a dose-dependent suppressive effect of fasudil (12.5–50 μmol/L) on actin polymerization and collagen synthesis in human urethral fibroblasts treated with or without TGF-β1. Fasudil also significantly increased the apoptosis of human urethral fibroblasts treated with or without TGF-β1, again in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the expression of Arp2, Arp3, WASP, WAVE2, Collagen I, and Collagen III was attenuated by the effects of fasudil. Fasudil targets the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway, and these results therefore suggest that suppression of Rho/ROCK signaling may in part contribute to the inhibitory effects of fasudil on the F-actin cytoskeleton and collagen synthesis in human urethral fibroblasts.

Cell growth is regulated by apoptosis. In this study, apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and flow cytometry to further elucidate the therapeutic potential of fasudil. This assay showed that fasudil induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in both TGF-β1-treated and TGF-β1-untreated cells.

The major pathological changes in human urethral stricture occur in the extracellular matrix of the urethral spongiosa. The extracellular matrix mainly consists of Collagen I and Collagen III. The urethral stricture spongiosum has been reported to comprise 83.9% Collagen I and 16.1% Collagen III.¹⁹ This study demonstrated that Collagen I and Collagen III expression in urethral fibroblasts could be enhanced by TGF-β1 treatment and that the expression of these extracellular matrix proteins in both TGF-β1-treated and -untreated cells could be significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner by fasudil.

F-actin is the major component of the microfilament cytoskeleton. The Arp2/3 complex regulates cell migration by influencing the polymerization and depolymerization of actin. Thus, the Arp2/3 complex is viewed as a major component in cell migration. Arp2 and Arp3 are members of the Arp2/3 family. Together, they provide nucleation sites for actin and have also been implicated in the migration of cells.^8,9 NPFs play an important role in activing the Arp2/3 complex. WASP and WAVE2 are two important NPFs associated with nucleation induced by the Arp2/3 complex.^8,10 In this study, Arp2, Arp3, WASP, and WAVE2 expression was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner by fasudil in both TGF-β1-treated and TGF-β1-untreated cells. These inhibitory effects of fasudil have a key role in suppressing the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. To further evaluate the molecular mechanisms of urethral stricture formation, the F-actin cytoskeleton of fibroblasts was investigated by immunofluorescence analysis. In this study, the inhibitory effects of fasudil on the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton were reconfirmed; fasudil attenuated the fluorescence intensity of F-actin staining in a dose-dependent manner in both TGF-β1-treated and -untreated cells.

Conclusion

This study revealed that fasudil inhibits cytoskeletal polymerization, collagen synthesis, and apoptosis in fibroblasts derived from human urethral scar tissue. Fasudil may therefore have therapeutic potential in urethral stricture disease.

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by the young and middle-aged scholars program of Health and Family Planning Commission of Fujian Province, China (Grant No 2015-ZQN-JC-20).

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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