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Abstract
Rechargeable sodium metal batteries with high energy density could be important to a wide range of energy applications in modern society. The pursuit of higher energy density should ideally come with high safety, a goal difficult for electrolytes based on organic solvents. Here we report a chloroaluminate ionic liquid electrolyte comprised of aluminium chloride/1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride/sodium chloride ionic liquid spiked with two important additives, ethylaluminum dichloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. This leads to the first chloroaluminate based ionic liquid electrolyte for rechargeable sodium metal battery. The obtained batteries reached voltages up to ~ 4 V, high Coulombic efficiency up to 99.9%, and high energy and power density of ~ 420 Wh kg−1 and ~ 1766 W kg−1, respectively. The batteries retained over 90% of the original capacity after 700 cycles, suggesting an effective approach to sodium metal batteries with high energy/high power density, long cycle life and high safety.
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1 Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
2 Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
3 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
4 Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
5 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
6 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
7 Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
8 Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
9 College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China