格西霍爾語動詞的時與體

Abstract

Horpa is a little-studied language cluster in Sichuan falling under the Rgyalrongic subgroup in Sino-Tibetan. This study is a first attempt to explicate the verbal tense-aspect system of Gexi, a variety of Central Horpa in the Horpa language cluster. Conservative Rgyalrongic languages generally utilize a tripartite tense-aspect system with an aspectual (perfective vs. imperfective) distinction marked by prefixes, and a tense distinction marked by means of stem alternation. The Gexi tense-aspect system deviates drastically from the pan-Rgyalrongic norm, owing to a number of striking innovations it has undergone: (a) a sweeping reduction of stem variation leading to atrophy of tense-marking via stem alternations; (b) transformation of the pan-Rgyalrongic perfective structure into an anterior (relative past) verb form and development of the prefix də- into a general anterior prefix, often carrying an extended resultative marking function; (c) innovation of a periphrastic imperfective and a related durative imperfective. The important morphological innovations identified in this article appear to be inherently motivated as well as induced from contact with the locally dominant Tibetan language.

Alternate abstract:

霍爾語是四川境內較少人知的語群，屬於漢藏語系羌語支嘉戎語組。本文 首度詳細介紹中部霍爾語格西話動詞的時－體範疇。保守的嘉戎語組語 言，動詞均採「三分式」時－體系統，一般以方向前綴區別完整體與非完整 體，以不同的詞幹標記過去與非過去時。相較於這種保守的形態格局，格西 話動詞的時－體系統有數項重要的創新：（一）動詞詞幹交替大幅簡化，標 註時間的功能基本喪失；（二）方向前綴從體標記轉成「相對過去時」標記， 可通用的相對過去前綴də-開始逐步取代其他前綴，且有聚焦於動作結果的 延伸功能；（三）以贅語式造出一般非完整體及「持續體」構造。這些重要的創 新既源自內部衍變的機制，也明顯受到本地主流藏語的接觸影響。