Deep cleaning of alien and cryptogenic species records in the Greek Seas (2018 update)

Abstract

This work presents a current (2018) annotated list of marine NIS and cryptogenic species in Greek marine waters. For this purpose, we updated information from previous lists, included new data from several new NIS and cryptogenic records and recent taxonomic studies, and followed current taxonomic modifications for the alien/cryptogenic status of several introduced species. Our extensive literature survey and revisions resulted in the exclusion of 61 species, which were included in previous lists, and the addition of 41 new alien species reported in the 2016–2018 period plus ten old NIS records. The current number of introduced species in Greek waters whose presence is not questionable includes 214 alien species and 62 cryptogenic species. Approximately 80% of the introduced species in Greek Seas consists of the taxa—in decreasing order—Mollusca, Polychaeta, Crustacea, Fishes, and Macroalgae. Nevertheless, a considerable increase in the number of NIS Bryozoa and Ascidiacea was observed within the last decade. Unaided natural dispersal of Lessepsian immigrants (57%) and transport-stowaways (36.7%) are the major pathways of introduction reported for Greek waters. However, with few exceptions (6.8% of species), the confidence level in assigning a pathway was medium to low. Several species reported from adjacent marine areas are expected to reach Greek waters within the next years. The intensification of underwater observations by citizen scientists combined with further research in hot spot areas, understudied habitats and overlooked taxa will significantly raise the number of NIS species in Greek waters. This study can serve as a basis that could greatly benefit from the coordination and harmonization of monitoring initiatives under international, EU and Regional Policies, and the compilation of new data from established monitoring programs, and rapid assessment surveys.