Bioenergy and climate change mitigation: an assessment

Abstract

Bioenergy deployment offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, but also carries considerable risks. In this review, we bring together perspectives of various communities involved in the research and regulation of bioenergy deployment in the context of climate change mitigation: Land-use and energy experts, land-use and integrated assessment modelers, human geographers, ecosystem researchers, climate scientists and two different strands of life-cycle assessment experts. We summarize technological options, outline the state-of-the-art knowledge on various climate effects, provide an update on estimates of technical resource potential and comprehensively identify sustainability effects. Cellulosic feedstocks, increased end-use efficiency, improved land carbon-stock management and residue use, and, when fully developed, BECCS appear as the most promising options, depending on development costs, implementation, learning, and risk management. Combined heat and power, efficient biomass cookstoves and small-scale power generation for rural areas can help to promote energy access and sustainable development, along with reduced emissions. We estimate the sustainable technical potential as up to 100 EJ: high agreement; 100–300 EJ: medium agreement; above 300 EJ: low agreement. Stabilization scenarios indicate that bioenergy may supply from 10 to 245 EJ yr⁻¹ to global primary energy supply by 2050. Models indicate that, if technological and governance preconditions are met, large-scale deployment (>200 EJ), together with BECCS, could help to keep global warming below 2° degrees of preindustrial levels; but such high deployment of land-intensive bioenergy feedstocks could also lead to detrimental climate effects, negatively impact ecosystems, biodiversity and livelihoods. The integration of bioenergy systems into agriculture and forest landscapes can improve land and water use efficiency and help address concerns about environmental impacts. We conclude that the high variability in pathways, uncertainties in technological development and ambiguity in political decision render forecasts on deployment levels and climate effects very difficult. However, uncertainty about projections should not preclude pursuing beneficial bioenergy options.

References Amigun B, Musango JK, Stafford W (2011) Biofuels and sustainability in Africa. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 1360–1372. Anderson R, Canadell J, Randerson J, Jackson R, Hungate B, Baldocchi D, O'Halloran T (2011) Biophysical considerations in forestry for climate protection. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, 174–182. Anderson-Teixeira K, Snyder P, Twine T, Cuadra S, Costa M, DeLucia E (2012) Climate-regulation services of natural and agricultural ecoregions of the Americas. Nature Climate Change, 2, 177–181. Anenberg S, Balakrishnan K, Jetter J, Masera O, Mehta S, Moss J, Ramanathan V (2013) Cleaner cooking solutions to achieve health, climate, and economic cobenefits. Environmental Science & Technology, 47, 3944–3952. Argo A, Tan E, Inman D, Langholtz M, Eaton L, Jacobson J, Graham R (2013) Investigation of biochemical biorefinery sizing and environmental sustainability impacts for conventional bale system and advanced uniform biomass logistics designs. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 7, 282–302. Arndt C, Benfica R, Thurlow J (2011a) Gender implications of biofuels expansion in Africa: the case of Mozambique. World Development, 39, 1649–1662. Arndt C, Msangi S, Thurlow J (2011b) Are biofuels good for African development? An analytical framework with evidence from Mozambique and Tanzania. Biofuels, 2, 221–234. Arndt C, Robinson S, Willenbockel D (2011c) Ethiopia's growth prospects in a changing climate: a stochastic general equilibrium approach. Global Environmental Change, 21, 701–710. Arndt C, Pauw K, Thurlow J (2012) Biofuels and economic development: a computable general equilibrium analysis for Tanzania. Energy Economics, 34, 1922–1930. Arora V, Montenegro A (2011) Small temperature benefits provided by realistic afforestation efforts. Nature Geoscience, 4, 514–518. Awudu I, Zhang J (2012) Uncertainties and sustainability concepts in biofuel supply chain management: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 1359–1368. Bacovsky D, Dallos M, Achard M (2010) Status of 2 nd Generation Biofuels Demonstration Facilities in June 2010: A Report to IEA Bioenergy Task 39 (No. T39-P1b, 27). Available at: http://www.ascension-publishing.com/BIZ/IEATask39-0610.pdf (accessed April 2014). Bala G, Caldeira K, Wickett M, Phillips T, Lobell D, Delire C, Mirin A (2007) Combined climate and carbon-cycle effects of large-scale deforestation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 6550–6555. Baliban R, Elia J, Floudas C (2013) Biomass and natural gas to liquid transportation fuels: process synthesis, global optimization, and topology analysis. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52, 3381–3406. Bathiany S, Claussen M, Brovkin V, Raddatz T, Gayler V (2010) Combined biogeophysical and biogeochemical effects of large-scale forest cover changes in the MPI earth system model. Biogeosciences, 7, 1383–1399. Batidzirai B, Smeets E, Faaij A (2012) Harmonising bioenergy resource potentials - methodological lessons from review of state of the art bioenergy potential assessments. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 6598–6630. Baum S, Bolte A, Weih M (2012) Short rotation coppice (SRC) plantations provide additional habitats for vascular plant species in agricultural mosaic landscapes. Bioenergy Research, 5, 573–583. Beringer T, Lucht W, Schaphoff S (2011) Bioenergy production potential of global biomass plantations under environmental and agricultural constraints. GCB Bioenergy, 3, 299–312. Berndes G, Börjesson P (2007) Multifunctional bioenergy systems. The AGS Pathways Report 2007: EU1. AGS - Alliance for Global Sustainability: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Tokyo University. Berndes G, Fredriksson F, Börjesson P (2004) Cadmium accumulation and Salix based phytoextraction on arable land in Sweden. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 103, 207–223. Berndes G, Börjesson P, Ostwald M, Palm M (2008) Multifunctional biomass production systems - an introduction with presentation of specific applications in India and Sweden. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2, 16–25. Berndes G, Bird N, Cowie A (2011) Bioenergy, Land Use Change and Climate Change Mitigation. Technical Report. International Energy Agency. Available at: http://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Bioenergy-Land-Use-Change-and-Climate-Change-Mitigation-Background-Technical-Report.pdf (accessed April 2014). Berndes G, Ahlgren S, Börjesson P, Cowie A (2013). Bioenergy and land use change-state of the art. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 2, 282–303. Bernier P, Paré D (2013) Using ecosystem CO2 measurements to estimate the timing and magnitude of greenhouse gas mitigation potential of forest bioenergy. GCB Bioenergy, 5, 67–72. Betts R (2001) Biogeophysical impacts of land use on present-day climate: near-surface temperature change and radiative forcing. Atmospheric Science Letters, 2, 39–51. Betts R (2007) Implications of land ecosystem-atmosphere interactions for strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Tellus B, 59, 602–615. Betts R (2011) Mitigation: a sweetener for biofuels. Nature Climate Change, 1, 99–101. Blanford G, Merrick J, Richels R, Rose S (2013) Trade-offs Between mitigation costs and temperature change. Climatic Change, 123, 527–541. Bonan G (2008) Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science, 320, 1444–1449. Börjesson P, Berndes G (2006) The prospects for willow plantations for wastewater treatment in Sweden. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30, 428–438. Borzoni M (2011) Multi-scale integrated assessment of soybean biodiesel in Brazil. Ecological Economics, 70, 2028–2038. Brandão M, Milà i Canals L, Clift R (2011) Soil organic carbon changes in the cultivation of energy crops: implications for GHG balances and soil quality for use in LCA. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 2323–2336. Bridgwater A (2012) Upgrading biomass fast pyrolysis liquids. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 31, 261–268. Bright R, Strømman A, Peters G (2011) Radiative forcing impacts of boreal forest biofuels: a scenario study for Norway in light of albedo. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 7570–7580. Bringezu S, O'Brien M, Schütz H (2012) Beyond biofuels: assessing global land use for domestic consumption of biomass: a conceptual and empirical contribution to sustainable management of global resources. Land Use Policy, 29, 224–232. Busch G (2012) GIS-based tools for regional assessments and planning processes regarding potential environmental effects of poplar SRC. Bioenergy Research, 5, 584–605. Cacciatore MA, Scheufele DA, Shaw BR (2012) Labeling renewable energies: how the language surrounding biofuels can influence its public acceptance. Energy Policy, 51, 673–682. Cai Z, Laughlin R, Stevens R (2001) Nitrous oxide and dinitrogen emissions from soil under different water regimes and straw amendment. Chemosphere, 42, 113–121. Calvin K, Wise M, Luckow P, Kyle P, Clarke L, Edmonds J (2013) Implications of uncertain future fossil energy resources on bioenergy use and terrestrial carbon emissions. Climatic Change, 1–12. doi: 10.1007/s10584-013-0923-0. Campbell J, Lobell D, Genova R, Field C (2008) The global potential of bioenergy on abandoned agriculture lands. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 5791–5794. Campbell J, Lobell D, Field C (2009) Greater transportation energy and GHG Offsets from bioelectricity than ethanol. Science, 324, 1055–1057. Canadell J, Raupach M (2008) Managing forests for climate change mitigation. Science, 320, 1456–1457. Cançado JED, Saldiva PHN, Pereira LAA, Lara LBLS, Artaxo P, Martinelli LA, Braga ALF (2006) The impact of sugar cane-burning emissions on the respiratory system of children and the elderly. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 725–729. Cao L, Caldeira K (2010) Atmospheric carbon dioxide removal: long-term consequences and commitment. Environmental Research Letters, 5, 024011. Carpita N (2012) Progress in the biological synthesis of the plant cell wall: new ideas for improving biomass for bioenergy. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 23, 330–337. Chen X, Khanna M (2012) The market-mediated effects of low carbon fuel policies. AgBioForum, 15, 1–17. Cherubini F, Bright R, Strømman A (2012) Site-specific global warming potentials of biogenic CO2 for bioenergy: contributions from carbon fluxes and albedo dynamics. Environmental Research Letters, 7, 045902. Cherubini F, Bright R, Strømman A (2013) Global climate impacts of forest bioenergy: what, when and how to measure? Environmental Research Letters, 8, 014049. Cherubini F, Peters GP, Berntsen T, Strømman AH, Hertwich E (2011) CO₂ emissions from biomass combustion for bioenergy: atmospheric decay and contribution to global warming. GCB Bioenergy, 3, 413–426. Chum H, Faaij A, Moreira J, Berndes G, Dhamija P, Dong H, Pingoud K (2011). Bioenergy. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, (eds Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Seyboth K, Matschoss P, Kadner S, Zwickel T, Eickemeier P, Hansen G, Schlömer S, Von Stechow C), pp. 209–332. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Chung C, Ramanathan V, Decremer D (2012) Observationally constrained estimates of carbonaceous aerosol radiative forcing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 11624–11629. Ciais P, Schelhaas MJ, Zaehle S, Piao SL, Cescatti A, Liski J, Bouriaud O (2008) Carbon accumulation in European forests. Nature Geoscience, 1, 425–429. Clair S, Hillier J, Smith P (2008) Estimating the pre-harvest greenhouse gas costs of energy crop production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32, 442–452. Claussen M, Brovkin V, Ganopolski A (2001) Biogeophysical versus biogeochemical feedbacks of large-scale land cover change. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 1011–1014. Coelho S, Agbenyega O, Agostini A, Erb K, Haberl H, Hoogwijk M, Moreira J (2012). Chapter 20 - land and water: linkages to bioenergy. In Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future (eds Johansson TB, Nakicenovic N, Patwardhan A, Gomez-Echeverri L), pp. 1459–1526. Cambridge University Press, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. Available at: www.globalenergyassessment.org (accessed April 2014). Cordes L (2011). Igniting change: a strategy for universal adoption of clean cookstoves and fuels. Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC). Cotula L (2012) The international political economy of the global land rush: a critical appraisal of trends, scale, geography and drivers. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39, 649–680. Creutzig F, Kammen DM (2010). Getting the carbon out of transportation fuels. In: Global Sustainability - A Nobel Cause (eds Schellnhuber HJ, Molina M, Stern N, Huber V, Kadner S), pp. 307–318. Cambridge University Press, UK. Available at: http://www.mcc-berlin.net/~creutzig/nobel.pdf (accessed April 2014). Creutzig F, Popp A, Plevin R, Luderer G, Minx J, Edenhofer O (2012a) Reconciling top-down and bottom-up modeling on future bioenergy deployment. Nature Climate Change, 2, 320–327. Creutzig F, Stechow C, Klein D, Hunsberger C, Bauer N, Popp A, Edenhofer O (2012b) Can bioenergy assessments deliver? Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy, 1, 65–82. Creutzig F, Corbera E, Bolwig S, Hunsberger C (2013) Integrating place-specific livelihood and equity outcomes into global assessments of bioenergy deployment. Environmental Research Letters, 8, 035047. Daigneault A, Sohngen B, Sedjo R (2012) Economic approach to assess the forest carbon implications of biomass energy. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 5664–5671. Dale V, Kline K (2013) Issues in using landscape indicators to assess land changes. Ecological Indicators, 28, 91–99. Dale V, Kline K, Perla D, Lucier A (2013) Communicating about bioenergy sustainability. Environmental Management, 51, 279–290. Danielsen F, Beukema H, Burgess ND, Parish F, BrüHl CA, Donald PF, Fitzherbert EB (2009) Biofuel plantations on forested lands: double jeopardy for biodiversity and climate. Conservation Biology, 23, 348–358. Dauber J, Brown C, Fernando AL, Finnan J, Krasuska E, Ponitka J, Weih M (2012) Bioenergy from‘surplus’ land: environmental and socio-economic implications, BioRisk: Biodiversity & Ecosystem Risk Assessment, 7, 5–50. Dauvergne P, Neville K (2010) Forests, food, and fuel in the tropics: the uneven social and ecological consequences of the emerging political economy of biofuels. Journal of Peasant Studies, 37, 631–660. Davin E, de Noblet-Ducoudré N, Friedlingstein P (2007) Impact of land cover change on surface climate: relevance of the radiative forcing concept. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L13702. Davis R, Aden A, Pienkos P (2011) Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production. Applied Energy, 88, 3524–3531. Davis S, Parton W, Grosso S, Keough C, Marx E, Adler P, DeLucia E (2012) Impact of second-generation biofuel agriculture on greenhouse-gas emissions in the corn-growing regions of the US. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10, 69–74. Davis S, Boddey R, Alves B, Cowie A, George B, Ogle S, Van Wijk M (2013) Management swing potential for bioenergy crops. GCB Bioenergy, 5, 623–638. De Moraes M, Da Costa C, Guilhoto J, De Souza L, De Oliveira F (2010) Social Externalities of Fuels. In: Ethanol and Bioelectricity: Sugarcane in the Future of the Energy Matrix (eds Leão de Sousa EL, Isaias de Carvalho Macedo), pp. 44–75. De Wit M, Londo M, Faaij A (2011) Productivity developments in European agriculture: relations to and opportunities for biomass production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2397–2412. De Wit M, Junginger M, Faaij A (2013) Learning in dedicated wood production systems: past trends, future outlook and implications for bioenergy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, 417–432. DeCicco J (2013) Biofuel's carbon balance: doubts, certainties and implications. Climatic Change, 121, 801–814. Delucchi M (2010) Impacts of biofuels on climate change, water use, and land use. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1195, 28–45. Diaz-Chavez RA (2011) Assessing biofuels: aiming for sustainable development or complying with the market? Energy Policy, 39, 5763–5769. Diaz-Chavez RA (2012) Land use for integrated systems: a bioenergy perspective. Environmental Development, 3, 91–99. Dimitriou I, Baum C, Baum S, Busch G, Schulz U, Köhn J, Bolte A (2009) Short rotation coppice (SRC) cultivation and local impact on the environment. Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research, 3, 159–162. Dimitriou I, Baum C, Baum S, Busch G, Schulz U, Köhn J, Bolte A (2011). Quantifying environmental effects of short rotation coppice (SRC) on biodiversity, soil and water. IEA Bioenergy Task, 43. DiPietro P, Balash P, Wallace M (2012). A note on sources of CO2 supply for enhanced-oil-recovery operations. SPE Economics & Management, 12, 1652–1654. Don A, Osborne B, Hastings A, Skiba U, Carter M, Drewer J, Zenone T (2012) Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 372–391. Dornburg V, Van Vuuren D, Van de Ven G, Langeveld H, Meeusen M, Banse M, Faaij A (2010) Bioenergy revisited: key factors in global potentials of bioenergy. Energy and Environmental Science, 3, 258–267. Drabik D, De Gorter H (2011) Biofuel policies and carbon leakage. AgBioForum, 14, 104–110. Duarte C, Gaudreau K, Gibson R, Malheiros T (2013) Sustainability assessment of sugarcane-ethanol production in Brazil: a case study of a sugarcane mill in São Paulo state. Ecological Indicators, 30, 119–129. Dumortier J, Hayes D, Carriquiry M, Dong F, Du X, Elobeid A, Tokgoz S (2011) Sensitivity of carbon emission estimates from indirect land-use change. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 33, 428–448. Duvenage I, Langston C, Stringer LC, Dunstan K (2013) Grappling with biofuels in Zimbabwe: depriving or sustaining societal and environmental integrity? Journal of Cleaner Production, 42, 132–140. Edenhofer O, Seyboth K, Creutzig F, Schlömer S (2013) On the sustainability of renewable energy sources. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 38, 169–200. Egeskog A, Berndes G, Freitas F, Gustafsson S, Sparovek G (2011) Integrating bioenergy and food production—A case study of combined ethanol and dairy production in Pontal, Brazil. Energy for Sustainable Development, 15, 8–16. van Eijck J, Romijn H, Smeets E et al. (2013) Comparative analysis of key socio-economic and environmental impacts of smallholder and plantation based jatropha biofuel production systems in Tanzania. Biomass and Bioenergy, 61, 24–45. van Eijck J, Romijn H, Balkema A, Faaij A (2014) Global experience with jatropha cultivation for bioenergy: an assessment of socio-economic and environmental aspects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 32, 869–889. Eisenbies M, Vance E, Aust W, Seiler J (2009) Intensive utilization of harvest residues in southern pine plantations: quantities available and implications for nutrient budgets and sustainable site productivity. BioEnergy Research, 2, 90–98. Elliott D (2013) Transportation fuels from biomass via fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 2, 525–533. EMPA (2012). Harmonisation and Extension of the Bioenergy Inventories and Assessment: End Report. Eranki P, Dale B (2011) Comparative life cycle assessment of centralized and distributed biomass processing systems combined with mixed feedstock landscapes. GCB Bioenergy, 3, 427–438. Erb K (2012) How a socio-ecological metabolism approach can help to advance our understanding of changes in land-use intensity. Ecological Economics, 76, 8–14. Erb K, Gaube V, Krausmann F, Plutzar C, Bondeau A, Haberl H (2007) A comprehensive global 5 min resolution land-use data set for the year 2000 consistent with national census data. Journal of Land Use Science, 2, 191–224. Erb K, Haberl H, Plutzar C (2012) Dependency of global primary bioenergy crop potentials in 2050 on food systems, yields, biodiversity conservation and political stability. Energy Policy, 47, 260–269. Erb K-H, Kastner T, Luyssaert S, Houghton RA, Kuemmerle T, Olofsson P, Haberl H (2013) Bias in the attribution of forest carbon sinks. Nature Climate Change, 3, 854–856. Ewing M, Msangi S (2009) Biofuels production in developing countries: assessing tradeoffs in welfare and food security. Environmental Science & Policy, 12, 520–528. Faaij A (2006) Modern biomass conversion technologies. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11, 335–367. FAO (2010). What Wood Fuels can do to Mitigate Climate Change (FAO forestry paper No. 162). Fargione J, Hill J, Tilman D, Polasky S, Hawthorne P (2008) Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science, 319, 1235–1238. Favaro L, Jooste T, Basaglia M, Rose S, Saayman M, Görgens J, Van Zyl W (2013) Designing industrial yeasts for the consolidated bioprocessing of starchy biomass to ethanol. Bioengineered, 4, 0–1. Field C, Campbell J, Lobell D (2008) Biomass energy: the scale of the potential resource. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 23, 65–72. Finco MVA, Doppler W (2010) Bioenergy and sustainable development: the dilemma of food security in the Brazilian savannah. Energy for Sustainable Development, 14, 194–199. Finkbeiner M (2013) Indirect Land Use Change (iLUC) within Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Scientific Robustness and Consistency with International Standards. Publication of the Association of the German Biofuel Industry, Berlin, Germany. Available at: http://www.fediol.eu/data/RZ_VDB_0030_Vorstudie_ENG_Komplett.pdf (accessed April 2014). Fischedick M, Schaeffer R, Adedoyin A, Akai M, Bruckner T, Clarke L, Wright R (2011). Mitigation Potential and Costs. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (eds Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Seyboth K, Matschoss P, Kadner S, Zwickel T, Eickemeier P, Hansen G, Schlömer S, Von Stechow C), pp. 791–864. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Fischer G, Prieler S, Van Velthuizen H, Berndes G, Faaij A, Londo M, De Wit M (2010) Biofuel production potentials in Europe: sustainable use of cultivated land and pastures, Part II: land use scenarios. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34, 173–187. Fuglestvedt J, Shine K, Berntsen T, Cook J, Lee D, Stenke A, Waitz I (2010) Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: metrics. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 4648–4677. Garcia-Frapolli E, Schilmann A, Berrueta V, Riojas-Rodriguez H, Edwards R, Johnson M, Masera O (2010) Beyond fuelwood savings: valuing the economic benefits of introducing improved biomass cookstoves in the Purépecha region of Mexico. Ecological Economics, 69, 2598–2605. Garcia-Ulloa J, Sloan S, Pacheco P, Ghazoul J, Koh LP (2012) Lowering environmental costs of oil-palm expansion in Colombia. Conservation Letters, 5, 366–375. Garg KK, Karlberg L, Wani SP, Berndes G (2011a) Jatropha production on wastelands in India: opportunities and trade-offs for soil and water management at the watershed scale. Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr, 5, 410–430. Garg K, Karlberg L, Wani S, Berndes G (2011b) Biofuel production on wastelands in India: opportunities and trade-offs for soil and water management at the watershed scale. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 5, 410–430. Gasparatos A, Stromberg P, Takeuchi K (2011) Biofuels, ecosystem services and human wellbeing: putting biofuels in the ecosystem services narrative. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 142, 111–128. Gawel E, Ludwig G (2011) The iLUC dilemma: how to deal with indirect land use changes when governing energy crops? Land Use Policy, 28, 846–856. GEA (2012). Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future. Cambridge University Press, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. Gelfand I, Sahajpal R, Zhang X, Izaurralde R, Gross K, Robertson G (2013) Sustainable bioenergy production from marginal lands in the US Midwest. Nature, 493, 514–517. Georgescu M, Lobell D, Field C (2011) Direct climate effects of perennial bioenergy crops in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 4307–4312. Gerbens-Leenes W, Hoekstra A, Van der Meer T (2009) The water footprint of bioenergy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 10219–10223. German L, Schoneveld G (2012) A review of social sustainability considerations among EU-approved voluntary schemes for biofuels, with implications for rural livelihoods. Energy Policy, 51, 765–778. German L, Schoneveld G, Gumbo D (2011) The local social and environmental impacts of smallholder-based biofuel investments in Zambia. Ecology and Society, 16, 12. doi: 10.5751/es-04280-160412. German L, Schoneveld G, Mwangi E (2013) Contemporary processes of large-scale land acquisition in sub-Saharan Africa: legal deficiency or elite capture of the rule of law? World Development, 48, 1–18. Gibbs H, Johnston M, Foley J, Holloway T, Monfreda C, Ramankutty N, Zaks D (2008) Carbon payback times for crop-based biofuel expansion in the tropics: the effects of changing yield and technology. Environmental Research Letters, 3, 034001. Gohin A (2008) Impacts of the European biofuel policy on the farm sector: a general equilibrium assessment. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 30, 623–641. Goldemberg J (2007) Ethanol for a sustainable energy future. Science, 315, 808–810. Gollakota S, McDonald S (2012) CO2 capture from ethanol production and storage into the Mt Simon Sandstone. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, 2, 346–351. Gopalakrishnan G, Negri M, Wang M, Wu M, Snyder S, Lafreniere L (2009) Biofuels, land and water: a systems approach to sustainability. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 6094–6100. Gopalakrishnan G, Negri M, Snyder S (2011a) A novel framework to classify marginal land for sustainable biomass feedstock production. Journal of Environmental Quality, 40, 1593–1600. Gopalakrishnan G, Negri M, Snyder S (2011b) Redesigning agricultural landscapes for sustainability using bioenergy crops: quantifying the tradeoffs between agriculture, energy and the environment. Aspects of Applied Biology, 112, 139–146. Gopalakrishnan G, Negri M, Salas W (2012) Modeling biogeochemical impacts of bioenergy buffers with perennial grasses for a row-crop field in Illinois. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 739–750. Gregg J, Smith S (2010) Global and regional potential for bioenergy from agricultural and forestry residue biomass. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 15, 241–262. Groom M, Gray E, Townsend P (2008) Biofuels and biodiversity: principles for creating better policies for biofuel production. Conservation Biology, 22, 602–609. Guest G, Bright R, Cherubini F, Strømman A (2013) Consistent quantification of climate impacts due to biogenic carbon storage across a range of bio-product systems. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 43, 21–30. Gurung A, Oh SE (2013) Conversion of traditional biomass into modern bioenergy systems: a review in context to improve the energy situation in Nepal. Renewable Energy, 50, 206–213. Haberl H (2013) Net land-atmosphere flows of biogenic carbon related to bioenergy: towards an understanding of systemic feedbacks. GCB Bioenergy, 5, 351–357. Haberl H, Beringer T, Bhattacharya S, Erb K, Hoogwijk M (2010) The global technical potential of bio-energy in 2050 considering sustainability constraints. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 394–403. Haberl H, Erb K, Krausmann F, Bondeau A, Lauk C, Müller C, Steinberger J (2011) Global bioenergy potentials from agricultural land in 2050: sensitivity to climate change, diets and yields. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 4753–4769. Haberl H, Sprinz D, Bonazountas M, Cocco P, Desaubies Y, Henze M, Searchinger T (2012) Correcting a fundamental error in greenhouse gas accounting related to bioenergy. Energy Policy, 45, 18–23. Haberl H, Mbow C, Deng X, Irwin EG, Kerr S, Kuemmerle T, Turner BL II (2013a). Finite Land Resources and Competition. In Rethinking Global Land Use in an Urban Era, (eds Seto KC, Reenberg A), pp. 33–67. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Available at: http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/rethinking-global-land-use-urban-era (acces-sed April 2014). Haberl H, Schulze E, Körner C, Law B, Holtsmark B, Luyssaert S (2013b) Response: complexities of sustainable forest use. GCB Bioenergy, 5, 1–2. Haberl H, Erb KH, Krausmann F, Running S, Searchinger TD, Smith WK (2013c) Bioenergy: how much can we expect for 2050? Environmental Research Letters, 8, 031004. Hakala K, Kontturi M, Pahkala K (2009) Field biomass as global energy source. Agricultural and Food Science, 18, 347–365. Hall J, Matos S, Severino L, Beltrão N (2009) Brazilian biofuels and social exclusion: established and concentrated ethanol versus emerging and dispersed biodiesel. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(Suppl. 1), S77–S85. Hallgren W, Schlosser CA, Monier E, Kicklighter D, Sokolov A, Melillo J (2013) Climate impacts of a large-scale biofuels expansion. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, 1624–1630. Hamelinck C, Faaij A (2006) Outlook for advanced biofuels. Energy Policy, 34, 3268–3283. Hanff E, Dabat M-H, Blin J (2011) Are biofuels an efficient technology for generating sustainable development in oil-dependent African nations? A macroeconomic assessment of the opportunities and impacts in Burkina Faso. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2199–2209. Harper RJ, Sochacki SJ, Smettem KRJ, Robinson N (2010) Bioenergy feedstock potential from short-rotation woody crops in a dryland environment†. Energy & Fuels, 24, 225–231. Havlík P, Schneider U, Schmid E, Böttcher H, Fritz S, Skalský R, Obersteiner M (2011) Global land-use implications of first and second generation biofuel targets. Energy Policy, 39, 5690–5702. Herreras Martínez S, van Eijck J, Pereira da Cunha M, Guilhoto JJ, Walter A, Faaij A (2013) Analysis of socio-economic impacts of sustainable sugarcane–ethanol production by means of inter-regional Input-Output analysis: Demonstrated for Northeast Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 290–316. Hertel T, Golub A, Jones A, O'Hare M, Plevin R, Kammen D (2010) Global land use and greenhouse gas emissions impacts of US Maize ethanol: estimating market-mediated responses. BioScience, 60, 223–231. Hochman G, Rajagopal D, Zilberman D (2010) The effect of biofuels on crude oil markets. AgBioForum, 13, 112–118. Hoefnagels R, Banse M, Dornburg V, Faaij A (2013) Macro-economic impact of large-scale deployment of biomass resources for energy and materials on a national level—A combined approach for the Netherlands. Energy Policy, 59, 727–744. Holtsmark B (2012) Harvesting in boreal forests and the biofuel carbon debt. Climatic Change, 112, 415–428. Holtsmark B (2013) The outcome is in the assumptions: analyzing the effects on atmospheric CO2 levels of increased use of bioenergy from forest biomass. GCB Bioenergy, 5, 467–473. Hoogwijk M, Faaij A, Eickhout B, De Vries B, Turkenburg W (2005) Potential of biomass energy out to 2100, for four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios. Biomass and Bioenergy, 29, 225–257. Hoogwijk M, Faaij A, De Vries B, Turkenburg W (2009) Exploration of regional and global cost-supply curves of biomass energy from short-rotation crops at abandoned cropland and rest land under four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33, 26–43. House J, Colin Prentice I, Le Quéré C (2002) Maximum impacts of future reforestation or deforestation on atmospheric CO2. Global Change Biology, 8, 1047–1052. Hsu D, Inman D, Heath G, Wolfrum E, Mann M, Aden A (2010) Life cycle environmental impacts of selected US ethanol production and use pathways in 2022. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 5289–5297. Huang J, Yang J, Msangi S, Rozelle S, Weersink A (2012) Biofuels and the poor: global impact pathways of biofuels on agricultural markets. Food Policy, 37, 439–451. Hudiburg T, Law B, Wirth C, Luyssaert S (2011) Regional carbon dioxide implications of forest bioenergy production. Nature Climate Change, 1, 419–423. Hunsberger C, Bolwig S, Corbera E, Creutzig F (2013) Livelihood impacts of biofuel crop production: implications for governance. Geoforum, 54, 248–260. IEA (2010). Sustainable Production of Second-Generation Biofuels: Potential and Perspectives in Major Economies and Developing Countries. International Energy Agency, Paris. IEA (2011). Energy for All: Financing access for the poor. Special early excerpt of the World Energy Outlook 2011. OECD/IEA, France, Paris. IEA (2012) Technology Roadmaps Bioenergy for Heat and Power. OECD/IEA, France, Paris. IEA (2013). IEA. Available at: https://www.google.de/search?q=IEA+2013&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:de:official&client=firefox-a (accessed April 2014). Immerzeel D, Verweij P, Hilst F, Faaij AP (2014) Biodiversity impacts of bioenergy crop production: a state-of-the-art review. GCB Bioenergy, 6, 183–209. Jackson R, Randerson J, Canadell J, Anderson R, Avissar R, Baldocchi D, Pataki D (2008) Protecting climate with forests. Environmental Research Letters, 3, 044006. Jaramillo P, Griffin W, Matthews H (2008) Comparative analysis of the production costs and life-cycle GHG emissions of FT liquid fuels from coal and natural gas. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 7559–7565. Jerneck A, Olsson L (2013) A smoke-free kitchen: initiating community based co-production for cleaner cooking and cuts in carbon emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 60, 208–215. Jetter J, Zhao Y, Smith K, Khan B, Yelverton T, DeCarlo P, Hays M (2012) Pollutant emissions and energy efficiency under controlled conditions for household biomass cookstoves and implications for metrics useful in setting international test standards. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 10827–10834. Johansson T, Nakicenovic N, Patwardhan A, Gomez-Echeverri L, Turkenburg W (2012). Summary for policymakers. In: Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future (eds Johansson TB, Nakicenovic N, Patwardhan A, Gomez-Echeverri L), pp. 3–30. Cambridge University Press, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY. Johnston M, Foley J, Holloway T, Kucharik C, Monfreda C (2009) Resetting global expectations from agricultural biofuels. Environmental Research Letters, 4, 014004. Johnston M, Licker R, Foley J, Holloway T, Mueller N, Barford C, Kucharik C. (2011). Closing the gap: global potential for increasing biofuel production through agricultural intensification. Environmental Research Letters, 6, 034028. Jonker J, Faaij A. (2013). Techno-economic assessment of micro-algae as feedstock for renewable bio-energy production. Applied Energy, 102, 461–475. Jonker J, Junginger M, Faaij A. (2013). Carbon payback period and carbon offset parity point of wood pellet production in the South-eastern United States. GCB Bioenergy, 6, 371–389. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12056 Joos F, Roth R, Fuglestvedt J, Peters G, Enting I, Von Bloh W, Weaver A (2013) Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the computation of greenhouse gas metrics: a multi-model analysis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 12, 19799–19869. Junginger M, Goh CS, Faaij A (eds) (2014) International Bioenergy Trade: History, Status & Outlook on Securing Sustainable Bioenergy Supply, Demand and Markets. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands. Kaiser E, Ruser R (2000) Nitrous oxide emissions from arable soils in Germany — An evaluation of six long-term field experiments. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 163, 249–259. Kar A, Rehman I, Burney J, Puppala S, Suresh R, Singh L, Ramanathan V (2012) Real-time assessment of black carbon pollution in Indian households due to traditional and improved biomass cookstoves. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 2993–3000. Karlsson H, Byström L. (2011). Global Status of BECCS Projects 2010. Global CCS Institute & Biorecro AB. Keating B, Carberry P, Dixon J. (2013). Agricultural intensification and the food security challenge in Sub Saharan Africa. In Agro-Ecological Intensification of Agricultural Systems in the African Highlands (eds Vanlauwe B, Van Asten P, Blomme G), pp. 20–35. Routledge, New York. Khanna M, Crago C, Black M (2011) Can biofuels be a solution to climate change? The implications of land use change-related emissions for policy. Interface Focus, 1, 233–247. Kløverpris J, Mueller S (2013) Baseline time accounting: considering global land use dynamics when estimating the climate impact of indirect land use change caused by biofuels. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18, 319–330. Kochsiek A, Knops J (2012) Maize cellulosic biofuels: soil carbon loss can be a hidden cost of residue removal. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 229–233. Koh LP, Wilcove DS (2008) Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity? Conservation Letters, 1, 60–64. Koizumi T (2013) Biofuel and food security in China and Japan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, 102–109. Koornneef J, Van Breevoort P, Hamelinck C, Hendriks C, Hoogwijk M, Koop K, Camps A (2012) Global potential for biomass and carbon dioxide capture, transport and storage up to 2050. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 11, 117–132. Koornneef J, Van Breevoort P, Noothout P, Hendriks C, Luning U, Camps A. (2013). Global potential for biomethane production with carbon capture, transport and storage up to 2050 GHGT-11. Energy Procedia, 37, 6043–6052. Körner C (2006) Plant CO2 responses: an issue of definition, time and resource supply. New Phytologist, 172, 393–411. Kriegler E, Edenhofer O, Reuster L, Luderer G, Klein D (2013) Is atmospheric carbon dioxide removal a game changer for climate change mitigation? Climatic Change, 118, 45–57. Kyu HH, Georgiades K, Boyle MH (2010) Biofuel smoke and child anemia in 29 developing countries: a multilevel analysis. Annals of Epidemiology, 20, 811–817. Lal R (2010) Managing soils for a warming earth in a food-insecure and energy-starved world. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 173, 4–15. Lam MK, Tan KT, Lee KT, Mohamed AR (2009) Malaysian palm oil: surviving the food versus fuel dispute for a sustainable future. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 1456–1464. Lamers P, Junginger M (2013) The ‘debt’ is in the detail: a synthesis of recent temporal forest carbon analyses on woody biomass for energy. Biofuels: Bioproducts and Biorefining, 7, 373–385. Lamers P, Junginger H, Dymond C, Faaij A. (2013). Damaged forests provide an opportunity to mitigate climate change. GCB Bioenergy, 6, 44–60. Langeveld J, Dixon J, Van Keulen H, Quist-Wessel P (2013) Analyzing the Effect of Biofuel Expansion on Land Use in Major Producing Countries: Evidence of Increased Multiple Cropping. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. Larson E, Li Z, Williams R (2012) Chapter 12 - fossil energy. In: Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future (eds Johansson TB, Nakicenovic N, Patwardhan A, Gomez-Echeverri L), pp. 901–992. Cambridge University Press, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. Latta G, Baker J, Beach R, Rose S, McCarl B (2013) A multi-sector intertemporal optimization approach to assess the GHG implications of US forest and agricultural biomass electricity expansion. Journal of Forest Economics, 19, 361–383. Lee S, Lee S, Lee D. (2013). Design and development of synthetic microbial platform cells for bioenergy. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4, 92. Lenton T, Vaughan N (2009) The radiative forcing potential of different climate geoengineering options. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 5539–5561. Li H, Cann A, Liao J (2010) Biofuels: biomolecular engineering fundamentals and advances. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 1, 19–36. Liao J, Messing J (2012) Energy biotechnology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 23, 287–289. Lim S, Vos T, Flaxman A et al. (2012) A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. The Lancet, 380, 2224–2260. Lippke B, Oneil E, Harrison R, Skog K, Gustavsson L, Sathre R (2011) Life cycle impacts of forest management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation: knowns and unknowns. Carbon Management, 2, 303–333. Lisboa C, Butterbach-Bahl K, Mauder M, Kiese R (2011) Bioethanol production from sugarcane and emissions of greenhouse gases – known and unknowns. GCB Bioenergy, 3, 277–292. Liska A, Perrin R (2009) Indirect land use emissions in the life cycle of biofuels: regulations vs science. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 3, 318–328. Liu G, Larson E, Williams R, Kreutz T, Guo X (2010) Making Fischer− Tropsch fuels and electricity from coal and biomass: performance and cost analysis. Energy & Fuels, 25, 415–437. Liu G, Williams R, Larson E, Kreutz T (2011) Design/economics of low-carbon power generation from natural gas and biomass with synthetic fuels co-production. Energy Procedia, 4, 1989–1996. Loarie S, Lobell D, Asner G, Mu Q, Field C (2011) Direct impacts on local climate of sugar-cane expansion in Brazil. Nature Climate Change, 1, 105–109. Lohila A, Minkkinen K, Laine J, Savolainen I, Tuovinen J, Korhonen L, Laaksonen A (2010) Forestation of boreal peatlands: impacts of changing albedo and greenhouse gas fluxes on radiative forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, G04011. doi: 10.1029/2010JG001327. Lotze-Campen H, Lampe M, Von Kyle P, Fujimori S, Havlík P, Van Meijl H, Wise M. (2013). Impacts of increased bioenergy demand on global food markets: an AgMIP economic model intercomparison. Agricultural Economics, 45, 103–116. Loudermilk E, Scheller R, Weisberg P, Yang J, Dilts T, Karam S, Skinner C (2013) Carbon dynamics in the future forest: the importance of long-term successional legacy and climate–fire interactions. Global Change Biology, 19, 3502–3515. Lundmark T, Bergh J, Hofer P, Lundström A, Nordin A, Poudel BC, Werner F (2014) Potential roles of Swedish forestry in the context of climate change mitigation. Forests, 5, 557–578. Lynd L, Aziz R, De Brito Cruz C et al. (2011) A global conversation about energy from biomass: the continental conventions of the global sustainable bioenergy project. Interface Focus, 1, 271–279. Lywood W, Pinkney J, Cockerill S (2009) Impact of protein concentrate coproducts on net land requirement for European biofuel production. GCB Bioenergy, 1, 346–359. Macedo I, Seabra J, Silva J (2008) Green house gases emissions in the production and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: the 2005/2006 averages and a prediction for 2020. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32, 582–595. Mackey B, Prentice I, Steffen W, House J, Lindenmayer D, Keith H, Berry S (2013) Untangling the confusion around land carbon science and climate change mitigation policy. Nature Climate Change, 3, 552–557. Madlener R, Robledo C, Muys B, Freja JTB (2006) A sustainability framework for enhancing the long-term success of lulucf projects. Climatic Change, 75, 241–271. Marland G, Schlamadinger B (1995) Biomass fuels and forest-management strategies: how do we calculate the greenhouse-gas emissions benefits? Energy, 20, 1131–1140. Marland G, Pielke R, Apps M, Avissar R, Betts R, Davis K, Xue Y (2003) The climatic impacts of land surface change and carbon management, and the implications for climate-change mitigation policy. Climate Policy, 3, 149–157. Martin WJ, Glass R, Balbus J, Collins F (2011) A major environmental cause of death. Science, 334, 180–181. Martinelli LA, Filoso S (2008) Expansion of sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil: environmental and social challenges. Ecological Applications: A Publication of the Ecological Society of America, 18, 885–898. McKechnie J, Colombo S, Chen J, Mabee W, MacLean H (2011) Forest bioenergy or forest carbon? assessing trade-offs in greenhouse gas mitigation with wood-based fuels. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 789–795. McLaren D (2012) A comparative global assessment of potential negative emissions technologies. Special Issue: Negative Emissions Technology, 90, 489–500. Meerman J, Ramirez A, Turkenburg W, Faaij A (2011) Performance of simulated flexible integrated gasification polygeneration facilities. Part A: a technical-energetic assessment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2563–2587. Meerman J, Ramírez A, Turkenburg W, Faaij A (2012) Performance of simulated flexible integrated gasification polygeneration facilities, Part B: economic evaluation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 6083–6102. Meier D, Van de Beld B, Bridgwater A, Elliott D, Oasmaa A, Preto F (2013) State-of-the-art of fast pyrolysis in IEA bioenergy member countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 619–641. Melillo JM, Reilly JM, Kicklighter DW, Gurgel AC, Cronin TW, Paltsev S, Schlosser CA (2009) Indirect emissions from biofuels: how important? Science, 326, 1397–1399. Mingorría S, Gamboa G, Alonso-Fradejas A (2010) Metabolismo socio-ecológico de comunidades campesinas Q'eqchi’ y la expansión de la agro-industria de caña de azúcar y palma Africana : Valle del Río Polochic, Guatemala. Instituto de Ciencia y Technología Ambientales and Instituto de Estudios Agrarios y Rurales, Barcelona and Mexico. Mingorría S, Gamboa G, Martín-López B, Corbera E (2014) The oil palm boom: socio-economic implications for Q'eqchi’ communities in the Polochic valley, Guatemala. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1–31. Muys B, Norgrove L, Alamirew T, Birech R, Chirinian E, Delelegn Y, Zetina R (2014) Integrating mitigation and adaptation into development: the case of Jatropha curcas in sub-Saharan Africa. GCB Bioenergy, 6, 169–171. Mwakaje AG (2012) Can Tanzania realise rural development through biofuel plantations? Insights from the study in Rufiji District. Energy for Sustainable Development, 16, 320–327. Myhre G, Shindell D (2013) Anthopogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing In: IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report. Nabuurs J, Masera O, Andrasko K, Benitez-Ponce P, Boer R, Dutschke M, Zhang X (2007) Chapter 9, Forestry. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. IPCC. Nabuurs G, Lindner M, Verkerk P, Gunia K, Deda P, Michalak R, Grassi G. (2013). First signs of carbon sink saturation in European forest biomass. Nature Climate Change, 3, 792–796. Nassar A, Harfuch L, Bachion L, Moreira M (2011) Biofuels and land-use changes: searching for the top model. Interface Focus, 1, 224–232. Nijsen M, Smeets E, Stehfest E, Van Vuuren D (2012) An evaluation of the global potential of bioenergy production on degraded lands. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 130–147. Oberling DF, Obermaier M, Szklo A, La Rovere EL (2012) Investments of oil majors in liquid biofuels: the role of diversification, integration and technological lock-ins. Biomass and Bioenergy, 46, 270–281. O'Halloran T, Law B, Goulden M, Wang Z, Barr J, Schaaf C, Engel V (2012) Radiative forcing of natural forest disturbances. Global Change Biology, 18, 555–565. O'Hare M, Plevin R, Martin J, Jones A, Kendall A, Hopson E (2009) Proper accounting for time increases crop-based biofuels' greenhouse gas deficit versus petroleum. Environmental Research Letters, 4, 024001. O'Shaughnessy SM, Deasy MJ, Kinsella CE, Doyle JV, Robinson AJ (2013) Small scale electricity generation from a portable biomass cookstove: prototype design and preliminary results. Applied Energy, 102, 374–385. Pacca S, Moreira JR (2011) A biorefinery for mobility? Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 9498–9505. Pan Y, Birdsey R, Fang J, Houghton R, Kauppi P, Kurz W, Aber J (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests. Science, 333, 988–993. Parish E, Hilliard M, Baskaran L, Dale V, Griffiths N, Mulholland P, Middleton R (2012) Multimetric spatial optimization of switchgrass plantings across a watershed. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 6, 58–72. Peralta-Yahya P, Zhang F, Del Cardayre S, Keasling J (2012) Microbial engineering for the production of advanced biofuels. Nature, 488, 320–328. Pielke R, Pitman A, Niyogi D, Mahmood R, McAlpine C, Hossain F, Fall S (2011) Land use/land cover changes and climate: modeling analysis and observational evidence. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2, 828–850. Pingoud K, Ekholm T, Savolainen I (2012) Global warming potential factors and warming payback time as climate indicators of forest biomass use. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 17, 369–386. Plattner G, Stocker T, Midgley P, Tignor M (2009) IPCC expert meeting on the science of alternative metrics. IPCC Working Group I Technical Support Unit, Bern. Plevin R, O'Hare M, Jones A, Torn M, Gibbs H (2010) Greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels: indirect land use change are uncertain but may be much greater than previously estimated. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 8015–8021. Plevin R, Delucchi M, Creutzig F. (2013). Using attributional life cycle assessment to estimate climate-change mitigation benefits misleads policy makers. Journal of Industrial Ecology, n/a–n/a. doi: 10.1111/jiec.12074 Popp A, Dietrich JP, Lotze-Campen H, Klein D, Bauer N, Krause M, Edenhofer O (2011) The economic potential of bioenergy for climate change mitigation with special attention given to implications for the land system. Environmental Research Letters, 6, 34–44. Popp A, Rose S, Calvin K, Van Vuuren D, Dietrich J, Wise M, Kriegler E (2013) Land-use transition for bioenergy and climate stabilization: model comparison of drivers, impacts and interactions with other land use based mitigation options. Climatic Change, 123, 495–509. Rajagopal D, Hochman G, Zilberman D (2011) Indirect fuel use change (IFUC) and the lifecycle environmental impact of biofuel policies. Energy Policy, 39, 228–233. Randerson J, Liu H, Flanner M, Chambers S, Jin Y, Hess P, Zender C (2006) The impact of boreal forest fire on climate warming. Science, 314, 1130–1132. Reilly J, Melillo J, Cai Y, Kicklighter D, Gurgel A, Paltsev S, Schlosser A (2012) Using land to mitigate climate change: hitting the target, recognizing the trade-offs. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 5672–5679. REN21 (2012). Renewables 2012 Global Status Report. Available at: www.ren21.net/gsr (accessed April 2014). REN21 (2013) Renewables 2013 Global Status Report. Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st century, Paris, France. Repo A, Tuomi M, Liski J (2011) Indirect carbon dioxide emissions from producing bioenergy from forest harvest residues. GCB Bioenergy, 3, 107–115. Repo A, Känkänen R, Tuovinen J, Antikainen R, Tuomi M, Vanhala P, Liski J (2012) Forest bioenergy climate impact can be improved by allocating forest residue removal. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 202–212. Rhodes J, Keith D (2008) Biomass with capture: negative emissions within social and environmental constraints: an editorial comment. Climatic Change, 87, 321–328. Robertson G, Vitousek P (2009) Nitrogen in agriculture: balancing the cost of an essential resource. Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 34, 97–125. Rogner H, Aguilera R, Archer C, Bertani R, Bhattacharya S, Dusseault M, Yakushev V. (2012). Chapter 7 - energy resources and potentials. In: Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future (eds Johansson TB, Nakicenovic N, Patwardhan A, Gomez-Echeverri L), pp. 423–512. Cambridge University Press, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. Available at: www.globalenergyassessment.org (accessed April 2014). Rose S, Ahammad H, Eickhout B, Fisher B, Kurosawa A, Rao S, Van Vuuren D (2012) Land-based mitigation in climate stabilization. Energy Economics, 34, 365–380. Rose S, Beach R, Calvin K, McCarl B, Petrusa J, Sohngen B, Wise M. (2013). Estimating Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Offset Supplies: Accounting for Investment Risks and Other Market Realties (No. 1025510). EPRI, Palo Alto, CA. Rosillo-Calle F, Teelucksingh S, Thrän D, Seiffert M. (2012). The Potential Role of Biofuels in Commercial Air Transport - Biojetfuel (No. Task 40: Sustainable International Bioenergy trade). IEA, Paris. Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Wall DH (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287, 1770–1774. Satolo L, Bacchi M. (2013). Impacts of the recent expansion of the sugarcane sector on municipal per capita income in São Paulo State. ISRN Economics, 2013, 828169. Sayer J, Ghazoul J, Nelson P, Klintuni Boedhihartono A (2012) Oil palm expansion transforms tropical landscapes and livelihoods. Global Food Security, 1, 114–119. Scheidel A, Sorman AH (2012) Energy transitions and the global land rush: ultimate drivers and persistent consequences. Global Transformations, Social Metabolism and the Dynamics of Socio-Environmental Conflicts, 22, 588–595. Schmidt J, Gass V, Schmid E (2011) Land use changes, greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel substitution of biofuels compared to bioelectricity production for electric cars in Austria. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 4060–4074. Schut M, Slingerland M, Locke A (2010) Biofuel developments in Mozambique. Update and analysis of policy, potential and reality. Energy Policy, 38, 5151–5165. Schwietzke S, Griffin W, Matthews H (2011) Relevance of emissions timing in biofuel greenhouse gases and climate impacts. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 8197–8203. Scown C, Nazaroff W, Mishra U, Strogen B, Lobscheid A, Masanet E, McKone T (2012) Lifecycle greenhouse gas implications of US national scenarios for cellulosic ethanol production. Environmental Research Letters, 7, 014011. Seabra J, Macedo I, Chum H, Faroni C, Sarto C (2011) Life cycle assessment of Brazilian sugarcane products: GHG emissions and energy use. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 5, 519–532. Searchinger T (2010) Biofuels and the need for additional carbon. Environmental Research Letters, 5, 024007. Searchinger T, Heimlich R, Houghton R, Dong F, Elobeid A, Fabiosa J, Yu T. (2008). Use of US Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land Use Change. Science, 319, 1238–1240 Searchinger T, Hamburg S, Melillo J, Chameides W, Havlik P, Kammen D, Tilman D (2009) Fixing a critical climate accounting error. Science, 326, 527–528. Sedjo R, Tian X (2012) Does wood bioenergy increase carbon stocks in forests? Journal of Forestry, 110, 304–311. Selfa T, Kulcsar L, Bain C, Goe R, Middendorf G (2011) Biofuels bonanza?: exploring community perceptions of the promises and perils of biofuels production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 1379–1389. Senel O, Chugunov N (2013) CO2 injection in a saline formation: pre-injection reservoir modeling and uncertainty analysis for illinois basin–decatur project. Energy Procedia, 37, 4598–4611. Serrano-Ruiz J, West R, Dumesic J (2010) Catalytic conversion of renewable biomass resources to fuels and chemicals. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 1, 79–100. Shen H, Poovaiah C, Ziebell A, Tschaplinski T, Pattathil S, Gjersing E, Dixon R. (2013). Enhanced characteristics of genetically modified switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) for high biofuel production. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 6, 71. Smeets E, Faaij A (2007) Bioenergy potentials from forestry in 2050. Climatic Change, 81, 353–390. Smeets E, Faaij A (2010) The impact of sustainability criteria on the costs and potentials of bioenergy production–Applied for case studies in Brazil and Ukraine. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34, 319–333. Smeets E, Faaij A, Lewandowski I, Turkenburg W (2007) A bottom-up assessment and review of global bio-energy potentials to 2050. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 33, 56–106. Smeets E, Junginger M, Faaij A, Walter A, Dolzan P, Turkenburg W (2008) The sustainability of Brazilian ethanol—an assessment of the possibilities of certified production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32, 781–813. Smeets E, Bouwman L, Stehfest E, van Vuuren D, Posthuma A (2009) Contribution of N2O to the greenhouse gas balance of first-generation biofuels. Global Change Biology, 15, 780–780. Smith P (2005) An overview of the permanence of soil organic carbon stocks: influence of direct human-induced, indirect and natural effects. European Journal of Soil Science, 56, 673–680. Smith KA, Searchinger TD (2012) Crop-based biofuels and associated environmental concerns. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 479–484. Smith L, Torn M (2013) Ecological limits to terrestrial biological carbon dioxide removal. Climatic Change, 118, 89–103. Smith WK, Zhao M, Running SW (2012a) Global bioenergy capacity as constrained by observed biospheric productivity rates. BioScience, 62, 911–922. Smith K, Mosier A, Crutzen P, Winiwarter W (2012b) The role of N2O derived from crop-based biofuels, and from agriculture in general, in Earth's climate. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367, 1169–1174. Smith P, Bustamente M, Ahammad H, Clark H, Dong H, Elsiddig E, Tubiello F (2014). Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU). In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y, Farahani E, Kadner S, Seyboth K, Adler A, Baum I, Brunner S, Eickemeier P, Kriemann B, Savolainen J, Schlömer S, Von Stechow C, Zwickel T, Minx J), pp. 1–179. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Sochacki S, Harper R, Smettem K (2012) Bio-mitigation of carbon following afforestation of abandoned salinized farmland. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 193–201. Sparovek G, Berndes G, Egeskog A, De Freitas F, Gustafsson S, Hansson J (2007) Sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil: an expansion model sensitive to socioeconomic and environmental concerns. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 1, 270–282. Spath P, Mann M (2004). Biomass Power and Conventional Fossil Systems with and without CO2 Sequestration – Comparing the Energy Balance, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economics. Available at: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/32575.pdf (accessed April 2014). SREX, I. P. on C. C. (2012) Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaption. Cambridge University Press, New York, N.Y. Steenblik R (2007). Biofuels - At What Cost? Government Support for Ethanol in Selected OECD (p. 82). International Institute for sustainable Development, Winnipeg, Canada. Available at: http://www.iisd.org/publications/pub.aspx?id=895 (accessed April 2014). Sterner M, Fritsche U (2011) Greenhouse gas balances and mitigation costs of 70 modern Germany-focused and 4 traditional biomass pathways including land-use change effects. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 4797–4814. Stromberg P, Gasparatos A (2012). Biofuels at the confluence of energy security, rural development and food security: a developing country perspective. In: Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels. Evidence from Developing Countries (eds Gasparatos A, Stromberg P), pp. 1–375. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA. Stupak I, Lattimore B, Titus B, Smith C (2011) Criteria and indicators for sustainable forest fuel production and harvesting: a review of current standards for sustainable forest management. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 3287–3308. Sumathi S, Chai SP, Mohamed AR (2008) Utilization of oil palm as a source of renewable energy in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, 2404–2421. Sun A, Davis R, Starbuck M, Ben-Amotz A, Pate R, Pienkos P (2011) Comparative cost analysis of algal oil production for biofuels. Energy, 36, 5169–5179. Swann A, Fung I, Levis S, Bonan G, Doney S (2010) Changes in Arctic vegetation amplify high-latitude warming through the greenhouse effect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 1295–1300. Swann A, Fung I, Chiang J (2011) Mid-latitude afforestation shifts general circulation and tropical precipitation. PNAS, 109, 712–716. Taheripour F, Hertel T, Tyner W (2011) Implications of biofuels mandates for the global livestock industry: a computable general equilibrium analysis. Agricultural Economics, 42, 325–342. Tan KT, Lee KT, Mohamed AR, Bhatia S (2009) Palm oil: addressing issues and towards sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 420–427. Tanaka K, Johansson D, O'Neill B, Fuglestvedt J (2013). Emission metrics under the 2° C climate stabilization target. Climatic Change, 117, 933–941. Tavoni M, Socolow R (2013) Modeling meets science and technology: an introduction to a special issue on negative emissions. Climatic Change, 118, 1–14. Thompson MC, Baruah M, Carr ER (2011a) Seeing REDD+ as a project of environmental governance. Environmental Science & Policy, 14, 100–110. Thompson W, Whistance J, Meyer S (2011b) Effects of US biofuel policies on US and world petroleum product markets with consequences for greenhouse gas emissions. Energy Policy, 39, 5509–5518. Tilman D, Hill J, Lehman C (2006) Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass. Science, 314, 1598–1600. Tilman D, Socolow R, Foley JA, Hill J, Larson E, Lynd L, Williams R (2009) Beneficial biofuels-the food, energy, and environment trilemma. Science, 325, 270–271. Timilsina G, Beghin J, Van der Mensbrugghe D, Mevel S (2012) The impacts of biofuels targets on land-use change and food supply: a global CGE assessment. Agricultural Economics, 43, 315–332. Triantafyllidis K, Lappas A, Stöcker M (2013). The Role of Catalysis for the Sustainable Production of Bio-fuels and Bio-chemicals. Access Online via Elsevier. Tsao C, Campbell JE, Mena-Carrasco M, Spak SN, Carmichael GR, Chen Y (2012) Increased estimates of air-pollution emissions from Brazilian sugar-cane ethanol. Nature Climate Change, 2, 53–57. Turconi R, Boldrin A, Astrup T (2013) Life cycle assessment (LCA) of electricity generation technologies: overview, comparability and limitations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 555–565. Turkenburg W, Arent D, Bertani R, Faaij A, Hand M, Krewitt W, Usher E (2012) Chapter 11 - renewable energy. In: Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future (eds Johansson TB, Nakicenovic N, Patwardhan A, Gomez-Echeverri L), pp. 761–900. Cambridge University Press, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. UNEP (2009) Assessing Biofuels, Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Division of Technology, Industry and Ecocnomics, Paris. UNFCCC-CDM (2012). CDM-SSC WG, Annex 8. UNFCCC-CDM, Bonn. Ürge-Vorsatz D, Eyre N, Graham P et al. (2012) Towards sustainable energy end-use: buildings chapter 10. In: Global Energy Assessment (eds Johansson TB, Nakicenovic N, Patwardhan A, Gomez-Echeverri L), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. US DOE (2011) Billion-Ton Update: Biomass Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry. Department of Energy, U.S. Van Dam J, Faaij A, Hilbert J, Petruzzi H, Turkenburg W (2009a) Large-scale bioenergy production from soybeans and switchgrass in Argentina: part A: potential and economic feasibility for national and international markets. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 1710–1733. Van Dam J, Faaij A, Hilbert J, Petruzzi H, Turkenburg W (2009b) Large-scale bioenergy production from soybeans and switchgrass in Argentina: part B. Environmental and socio-economic impacts on a regional level. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 1679–1709. Van Dam J, Junginger M, Faaij A (2010) From the global efforts on certification of bioenergy towards an integrated approach based on sustainable land use planning. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 2445–2472. Van de Velde L, Verbeke W, Popp M, Buysse J, Van Huylenbroeck G (2009) Perceived importance of fuel characteristics and its match with consumer beliefs about biofuels in Belgium. Energy Policy, 37, 3183–3193. Van der Hilst F, Dornburg V, Sanders J, Elbersen B, Graves A, Turkenburg W, Faaij A (2010) Potential, spatial distribution and economic performance of regional biomass chains: the North of the Netherlands as example. Agricultural Systems, 103, 403–417. Van der Hilst F, Lesschen J, Van Dam J, Riksen M, Verweij P, Sanders J, Faaij A (2012a) Spatial variation of environmental impacts of regional biomass chains. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 2053–2069. Van der Hilst F, Van Dam J, Verweij P, Riksen M, Sanders J, Faaij A (2012b) Spatial variation in environmental impacts of bioenergy supply chains. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 2053–2069. Van der Hilst F, Verstegen J, Karssenberg D, Faaij A (2012c) Spatiotemporal land use modelling to assess land availability for energy crops–illustrated for Mozambique. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 859–874. Van der Horst D, Vermeylen S (2011) Spatial scale and social impacts of biofuel production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 2435–2443. Van der Voet E, Lifset R, Luo L (2010) Life-cycle assessment of biofuels, convergence and divergence. Biofuels, 1, 435–449. Van Eijck J, Smeets E, Faaij A (2012) The economic performance of jatropha, cassava and Eucalyptus production systems for energy in an East African smallholder setting. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 828–845. Van Vliet O, Faaij A, Turkenburg W (2009) Fischer-Tropsch diesel production in a well-to-wheel perspective: a carbon, energy flow and cost analysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 50, 855–876. Van Vliet O, Brouwer A, Kuramochi T, Van Den Broek M, Faaij A (2011a) Energy use, cost and CO2 emissions of electric cars. Journal of Power Sources, 196, 2298–2310. Van Vliet O, Van den Broek M, Turkenburg W, Faaij A (2011b) Combining hybrid cars and synthetic fuels with electricity generation and carbon capture and storage. Energy Policy, 39, 248–268. Van Vuuren D, Van Vliet J, Stehfest E (2009) Future bio-energy potential under various natural constraints. Energy Policy, 37, 4220–4230. Verdonk M, Dieperink C, Faaij A (2007) Governance of the emerging bio-energy markets. Energy Policy, 35, 3909–3924. Viana K, Perez R (2013). Survey of sugarcane industry in Minas Gerais, Brazil: focus on sustainability. Biomass and Bioenergy, 58, 149–157. Von Blottnitz H, Curran M (2007) A review of assessments conducted on bio-ethanol as a transportation fuel from a net energy, greenhouse gas, and environmental life cycle perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 607–619. Von Geibler J (2013) Market-based governance for sustainability in value chains: conditions for successful standard setting in the palm oil sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 56, 39–53. Von Maltitz GP, Setzkorn KA (2013) A typology of Southern African biofuel feedstock production projects. Biomass and Bioenergy, 59, 33–59. Walter A, Dolzan P, Quilodrán O, Garcia J, Da Silva C, Piacente F, Segerstedt A (2008) A sustainability Analysis of the Brazilian Ethanol. Report Submitted to the United Kingdom Embassy, Brazil. Walter A, Dolzan P, Quilodrán O, De Oliveira J, Da Silva C, Piacente F, Segerstedt A (2011) Sustainability assessment of bio-ethanol production in Brazil considering land use change, GHG emissions and socio-economic aspects. Energy Policy, 39, 5703–5716. Wang M, Han J, Haq Z, Tyner W, Wu M, Elgowainy A (2011) Energy and greenhouse gas emission effects of corn and cellulosic ethanol with technology improvements and land use changes. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 1885–1896. Wang X, Franco J, Masera O, Troncoso K, Rivera M (2013) What Have We Learned about Household Biomass Cooking in Central America?. The Worldbank, Washington, DC. Warner E, Zhang Y, Inman D, Heath G (2013). Challenges in the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from biofuel-induced global land-use change. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 8, 114–125. Weightman R, Cottrill B, Wiltshire J, Kindred D, Sylvester-Bradley R (2011) Opportunities for avoidance of land-use change through substitution of soya bean meal and cereals in European livestock diets with bioethanol coproducts. GCB Bioenergy, 3, 158–170. West P, Narisma G, Barford C, Kucharik C, Foley J (2010) An alternative approach for quantifying climate regulation by ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, 126–133. Wicke B, Dornburg V, Junginger M, Faaij A (2008) Different palm oil production systems for energy purposes and their greenhouse gas implications. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32, 1322–1337. Wicke B, Smeets E, Tabeau A, Hilbert J, Faaij A (2009) Macroeconomic impacts of bioenergy production on surplus agricultural land—A case study of Argentina. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 2463–2473. Wicke B, Smeets E, Dornburg V, Vashev B, Gaiser T, Turkenburg W, Faaij A (2011a) The global technical and economic potential of bioenergy from salt-affected soils. Energy & Environmental Science, 4, 2669–2681. Wicke B, Smeets E, Watson H, Faaij A (2011b) The current bioenergy production potential of semi-arid and arid regions in sub-Saharan Africa. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 2773–2786. Wicke B, Verweij P, Van Meijl H, Van Vuuren D, Faaij A (2012) Indirect land use change: review of existing models and strategies for mitigation. Biofuels, 3, 87–100. Wicke B, Smeets E, Akanda R, Stille L, Singh R, Awan A, Faaij A (2013) Biomass production in agroforestry and forestry systems on salt-affected soils in South Asia: exploration of the GHG balance and economic performance of three case studies. Journal of Environmental Management, 127, 324–334. Wilkinson J, Herrera S (2010) Biofuels in Brazil: debates and impacts. Journal of Peasant Studies, 37, 749–768. Wirsenius S, Azar C, Berndes G (2010) How much land is needed for global food production under scenarios of dietary changes and livestock productivity increases in 2030? Agricultural Systems, 103, 621–638. Wise M, Calvin K, Thomson A, Clarke L, Bond-Lamberty B, Sands R, Edmonds J (2009) Implications of limiting CO₂ concentrations for land use and energy. Science, 324, 1183–1186. Wiskerke W, Dornburg V, Rubanza C, Malimbwi R, Faaij A (2010) Cost/benefit analysis of biomass energy supply options for rural smallholders in the semi-arid eastern part of Shinyanga Region in Tanzania. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 148–165. Woods M, Capicotto P, Haslbeck J, Kuehn N, Matuszewski M, Pinkerton L, Vaysman V (2007) Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants. Volume 1: Bituminous Coal and Natural Gas to Electricity Final Report. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy. Wu C, Lin L (2009) Guest editorial. Biotechnology Advances, 27, 541. Ximenes F, George B, Cowie A, Williams J, Kelly G (2012) Greenhouse gas balance of native forests in New South Wales, Australia. Forests, 3, 653–683. Yang Y, Bae J, Kim J, Suh S (2012) Replacing gasoline with corn ethanol results in significant environmental problem-shifting. Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 3671–3678. Yoon J, Zhao L, Shanks J (2013) Metabolic engineering with plants for a sustainable biobased economy. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 4, 211–237. Zanchi G, Pena N, Bird N (2011). Is woody bioenergy carbon neutral? A comparative assessment of emissions from consumption of woody bioenergy and fossil fuel. GCB Bioenergy, 4, 761–772. Zhang Y, Yu Y, Li T, Zou B (2011) Analyzing Chinese consumers' perception for biofuels implementation: the private vehicles owner's investigating in Nanjing. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2299–2309.