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Abstract
Despite the importance of the immune system in many diseases, there are currently no objective benchmarks of immunological health. In an effort to identifying such markers, we used influenza vaccination in 30 young (20–30 years) and 59 older subjects (60 to >89 years) as models for strong and weak immune responses, respectively, and assayed their serological responses to influenza strains as well as a wide variety of other parameters, including gene expression, antibodies to hemagglutinin peptides, serum cytokines, cell subset phenotypes and in vitro cytokine stimulation. Using machine learning, we identified nine variables that predict the antibody response with 84% accuracy. Two of these variables are involved in apoptosis, which positively associated with the response to vaccination and was confirmed to be a contributor to vaccine responsiveness in mice. The identification of these biomarkers provides new insights into what immune features may be most important for immune health.
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1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
2 Department of Computer Science, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
3 Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
4 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
5 Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
6 Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
7 Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
8 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA