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Abstract
Recent progress in remote sensing provides much-needed, large-scale spatio-temporal information on habitat structures important for biodiversity conservation. Here we examine the potential of a newly launched satellite-borne radar system (Sentinel-1) to map the biodiversity of twelve taxa across five temperate forest regions in central Europe. We show that the sensitivity of radar to habitat structure is similar to that of airborne laser scanning (ALS), the current gold standard in the measurement of forest structure. Our models of different facets of biodiversity reveal that radar performs as well as ALS; median R² over twelve taxa by ALS and radar are 0.51 and 0.57 respectively for the first non-metric multidimensional scaling axes representing assemblage composition. We further demonstrate the promising predictive ability of radar-derived data with external validation based on the species composition of birds and saproxylic beetles. Establishing new area-wide biodiversity monitoring by remote sensing will require the coupling of radar data to stratified and standardized collected local species data.
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1 Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
2 CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 44, Winnellie, Australia; College of Engineering, IT, and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Winnellie, Australia
3 Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
4 German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Earth Observation Center (EOC), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Weßling, Germany
5 Faculty of Geography, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
6 Department of Geoinformatics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, München, Germany
7 Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
8 Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
9 Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
10 Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany; Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
11 Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Institute of Biology and Environmental science, Vegetation science & Nature conservation, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
12 Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
13 Plant Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Ecology & Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
14 DBU Natural Heritage, German Federal Foundation for the Environment, Osnabrück, Germany
15 Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
16 Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany; Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
17 Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
18 Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
19 UNESCO-Biosphere Reserve Rhön, Oberelsbach, Germany
20 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
21 Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
22 Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany