INTRODUCTION
Kawasaki disease is a type of vasculitis that affects small and medium-sized arteries with predilection for coronary arteries. It is more prevalent in Asian countries, and the most significant complication is the development of coronary artery aneurysms that occur between 15-25% of the cases.
Approximately, 50% of coronary artery aneurysms regress, but other moderately sized aneurysms can lead to clinical problems even years after an acute episode of Kawasaki disease1. Although the death rate associated with Kawasaki disease is very low (<0.1%), myocardial infarction due to stenotic lesions or thrombosis of aneurysms continues to be a serious problem, despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances2.
Percutaneous coronary angioplasty is indicated in localized stenotic lesions not involving the coronary ostia, but coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) should be recommended in cases with myocardial ischemia caused by multivessel disease3.
We report a case of urgent CABG in a patient diagnosed with Kawasaki disease, despite adequate flow through a stent in the left main coronary artery (LMA). Competitive flow through coronary grafts significantly decreases the grafts' durability and could facilitate graft thrombosis4. There are previously published reports about the ligature of the right coronary artery (RCA) after CABG5, but to our knowledge the ligature of LMA has not been previously reported.
CASE REPORT
This case report was prepared following the CARE Guidelines6 and the patient provided informed consent for its publication.
We present a case of a 23-year-old man who was diagnosed with Kawasaki disease at the age of 13 months when he suffered an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Coronary artery aneurysms in RCA and LMA were observed, as well as partial thrombosis in both. Accordingly, he was treated with fibrinolysis and anticoagulant therapy. Complete regression of the RCA aneurism was observed six years after the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease, however the LMA aneurysm persisted with involvement of the anterior descending artery ostium.
One year before the current episode, the patient suffered from ACS due to a severe calcified lesion of the LMA aneurysm (Figure 1). He underwent an emergency percutaneous coronary angioplasty, and a polyurethane-covered stent (PK Papyrus, Biotronik(r), Berlin, Germany) was inserted. The patient remained asymptomatic for one year.
In the current episode, he was readmitted to the emergency department in cardiogenic shock in which noradrenalin employment was necessary to achieve hemodynamic stabilization. He suffered from ACS caused by a complete occlusion of the stent despite anticoagulation and dual antiplatelet therapy. It was possible to percutaneously reopen the occluded LMA and adequately restore coronary flow. However, there was evident severe stent malposition in the distal part of the LMA. Due to this concerning finding, the patient was accepted for emergency cardiac surgery. He underwent off-pump CABG 24 hours after the episode, in which both internal mammary arteries (IMA) were dissected. The right IMA was grafted to the left medial anterior descending artery, and the left IMA was grafted to the first marginal artery. A transit-time flow meter was employed to assess graft patency (Medistim(r), Oslo, Norway). Although flow measures and pulsatility index (PI) were optimal (60 ml/min in the right IMA graft and 50 ml/min in the left IMA graph, with a PI of 2.4 and 75% insufficiency), a high degree of competitive flow was observed through the recently reopened LMA. A transitory tourniquet was applied to the LMA (Figure 2) and there was great improvement in the flow through the grafts with complete disappearance of any competitive flow (150 ml/min and 80 ml/min in right and left IMA, respectively, and insufficiency decreased to 0%). Therefore, the LMA was ligated at the inflow of the aneurysm.
The patient was discharged after 24 hours in intensive care after surgery and a total stay of six days. The patient has remained asymptomatic since the procedure with a post-operative follow-up at 16 months to date.
DISCUSSION
Surgical revascularization for coronary lesions secondary to Kawasaki disease is relatively uncommon. However, CABG should be recommended in cases of patients with multivessel disease.
According to the current guidelines3, complete arterial revascularization should be used in young patients with small comorbidities in order to achieve good long-term graft patency. Left IMA should be used to bypass the left anterior descending artery, and one second IMA should be indicated to graft the left circumflex or right coronary in order to improve the likelihood of survival and to decrease reintervention3.
Off-pump CABG has been previously described as treatment for coronary artery aneurysms5,7. Off-pump surgery is a safe and less invasive procedure because it minimizes the complications of cardiopulmonary bypass8.
Since three decades ago, IMA graft was first described rather than saphenous vein graft during CABG9; IMA are the preferred conduits for surgical revascularization. They have confirmed excellent long-term patency due to their endothelial function10. IMA grafts have shown improved survival and reduced incidence of myocardial infarct, recurrent angina, and the need for repeated intervention3,11.
In addition, considering that early thrombus formation in saphenous vein grafts has previously been reported, surgery using arterial grafts should be considered. Although in cases of non-severe stenosis in the native coronary arteries, the use of IMA is widely debated4. It is known that competitive blood flow reduces IMA graft patency. This reduction was described to be particularly evident in diastole12.
To avoid the risk of graft failure due to highly competitive flow we performed a transient ligature in LMA. There was great improvement of flow through the grafts, with complete disappearance of competitive flow. Therefore, the LMA was ligated at the inflow of the aneurysm. Since there is an absence of reports in literature about LMA ligation, we believe that this technique is a good option to avoid competitive flow through a patent calcified giant aneurysm after Kawasaki disease.
Authors' roles & responsibilities | |
---|---|
LVB | Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published |
JLM | Acquisition of information and design; final approval of the version to be published |
ARP | Design and images; final approval of the version to be published |
JRRS | Review of the document; final approval of the version to be published |
This study was carried out at Cardiac Surgery Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
No financial support.
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2 Wei YJ, Zhao XL, Liu BM, Niu H, Li Q. Cardiac complications in 38 cases of Kawasaki disease with coronary artery aneurysm diagnosed by echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2016;33(5):764-70.
3 Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124(23):e652-735.
4 Sabik JF 3rd, Lytle BW, Blackstone EH, Khan M, Houghtaling PL, Cosgrove DM. Does competitive flow reduce internal thoracic artery graft patency? Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76(5):1490-6.
5 Iwamura T, Kikuchi K, Tambara K, Koike H, Kamikawa Y, Kawasaki S, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting for angina pectoris with coronary artery aneurysm due to Kawasaki disease: reporting of a case. Kyobu Geka. 2009;62(6):500-3.
6 Riley DS, Barber MS, Kienle GS, Aronson JK, von Schoen-Angerer T, Tugwell P, et al. CARE guidelines for case reports: explanation and elaboration document. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;89:218-35.
7 Fridman MD, Owada CY, Gregory RD, Birnbaum PL. Off-pump double coronary artery bypass in a 14-year-old with Kawasaki disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2017;104(4):e307-9.
8 Fudulu D, Benedetto U, Pecchinenda GG, Chivasso P, Bruno VD, Rapetto F, et al. Current outcomes of off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: evidence from randomized controlled trials. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(Suppl 10):S758-71.
9 Loop FD, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, Stewart RW, Goormastic M, Williams GW, et al. Influence of the internal-mammary-artery graft on 10-year survival and other cardiac events. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(1):1-6.
10 Davierwala PM, Mohr FW. Bilateral internal mammary artery grafting: rationale and evidence. Int J Surg. 2015;16(Pt B):133-9.
11 Taggart DP. Current status of arterial grafts for coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;2(4):427-30.
12 Glineur D, Hanet C. Competitive flow in coronary bypass surgery: is it a problem? Curr Opin Cardiol. 2012;27(6):620-8.
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Abstract
We report a case of a 23-year-old man who was diagnosed with Kawasaki disease that progressed to a coronary aneurysm in the left main coronary artery (LMA). He had suffered from acute coronary syndrome and then underwent an emergent percutaneous coronary angioplasty, in which a polyurethane-covered stent was placed inside the aneurysm. The stent was thrombosed one year later, despite the patient had been treated with anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy. Emergency percutaneous intervention was then performed. LMA was reopened and stent malposition was observed. Therefore, urgent coronary bypass grafting was performed in which a high degree of competitive flow was observed through the reopened stent. LMA was ligated at the inflow of the aneurysm, resulting in an improvement of graft flow. Left main ligature has not been previously reported.
You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer
Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimer