A Harmonic Compensation Strategy in a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System Using Zero-Sequence Control

Abstract

[...]P+ is a basic positive-sequence active power and Q+ is the positive-sequence reactive power. [...]regulating DC bus voltage by controlling d−axis current of DC/AC converter and regulating Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) by controlling input of DC/DC converter will reduce the complexity of circuitry of a commercial grid-connected PV system. [...]since all systems have the same frequency, and there was no frequency error, integral coefficient (zero steady-state error) was not required for following the reference active power. [...]the proposed control method has significant advantages over the conventional methods, and is able to produce clean output grid currents that are free from grid voltage and current harmonics.

1. Introduction

In recent years, the DGs based on Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) have been playing an important role in the world’s energy supply systems [1]. DGs can operate in parallel to the main grid or in a Microgrid (MG) mode [2]. A microgrid can be defined as a group of DGs, load, communication systems, protection devises, and distributed energy storage systems that behave as a controllable entity [3]. These DGs are mainly used to deliver renewable and clean energy such as Photovoltaic (PV) power to the utility through Grid-Connected Inverters (GCI). Increased changes in the stability of the MG are prompted by the uneven voltage and current due to harmonics, or Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) [4]. The switching by Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) in power electronic devices such as GCIs are the origin of the harmonic distortion. Hence, power electronics systems have inherited the task of reducing the harmonic pollution that they create [5]. To remove the current or voltage harmonics injected by power electronic devices and nonlinear loads, compensation devices such as Active Power filters (APFs) and Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) are being extensively employed [6]. The current control strategy is the main part in APFs, and many current control schemes such as proportional-integral (PI) control [7,8], Proportional Resonant (PR) control [9], hysteresis control [10], and Deadbeat (DB) control [11], have been proposed. A Droop control and a control scheme for injecting the negative sequence voltage are suggested in Reference [12]. In Reference [13], the utilization of secondary and tertiary controls for improving the voltage quality was proposed. Tonyma et al. [14] in a capacity-limiting action for compensating the harmonic current and unbalanced current, proposed a multifunctional three-phase power conditioner. One of the problems is existence of zero-sequence circulating current flowing between parallel converters. It ought to be specified that in previous studies around three-phase MGs, the zero-sequence component of voltage and current in the grid-connected inverter in microgrids are not taken into account [15,16,17].

V. Khadkikar in [18] presents a comprehensive review of the UPQC to enhance the electric power quality at distribution levels. It provides an overview of the different possible UPQC system configurations for single-phase (two-wire) and three-phase (three-wire and four-wire) networks, different compensation approaches, and recent developments in the field. Paper [19] proposed a synchronous reference frame control method for current unbalance compensation in the microgrid. This method is based on the proper control of Distributed Generations (DGs) interface converters. It also proposed the direct change of the current reference to compensate for current unbalance. The fault analysis with hybrid compensation for unbalanced distribution systems is discussed in Reference [20]. The method employs the unbalanced three-phase model to analyse faults. Two matrices containing information on the topological characteristics of distribution networks were built along with the proposed hybrid-compensation method for analysis. Ting-Chia Ou et al. [21] have shown dynamic operation and control strategies for a microgrid hybrid wind-Photovoltaic (PV)-Fuel Cell (FC) based power supply system. The system consists of the PV power, wind power, FC power, Static VAr Compensator (SVC), and an intelligent power controller. Paper [22] proposed a novel intelligent damping controller for the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) to reduce the power fluctuations, voltage support, and damping in a hybrid power multi-system. This paper also discussed the integration of an offshore wind farm and a seashore wave power farm via a high-voltage, alternating current electric power transmission line that connects the STATCOM and the 12-bus hybrid power multi-system.

Author in [23] proposed a novel unsymmetrical faults analysis method with hybrid compensation for microgrid (MG) distribution systems. The method employs the actual three-phase models to handle unsymmetrical faults. Likewise, two matrices, which are built from the topological characteristics of MG distribution networks, and then combined with the proposed hybrid compensation method for injecting branch mismatch currents caused by the fault are used to analyze the branch mismatch currents and bus mismatch voltages directly. Author in [24] depicted a direct building algorithm for microgrid distribution ground fault analysis. In this paper, four possibilities of the network topology changes were considered with the proposed iterative process for ground fault analysis. Furthermore, it discusses the ground fault model of a battery energy storage system as a distributed energy resource, which can be used for both islanded and grid-connected modes. M. Tavakoli Bina et al. [25] focused on the distribution unbalance, completing the available definitions in order to maintain tangible relationships between the level of unbalance and the cited consequences in distribution networks. Furthermore, practical works were performed on 11 selected 20 kV/0.4 kV substations within the Tehran north-west distribution system, where data loggers have been installed for 7 days to measure and record operating conditions of substations. Author [26] proposed a UPQC topology with reduced DC-link voltage without compromising its compensation capability. The topology consists of capacitors in series with the interfacing inductor of the shunt active filter. This proposed topology also helps to match the dc-link voltage requirement of the shunt and series active filters of the UPQC.

Several studies, such as References [27,28,29,30,31,32] have proposed to use the APFs and UPQC for the cancellation of the voltage and current harmonics in MG. Along this line, Cheng et al. [27] proposed a control strategy using distributed APFs to weaken the voltage harmonics of the system. In Reference [28] an islanding detection method to detect the islanding phenomenon in a distribution system has been proposed. The proposed method is a hybrid islanding detection method which consists of a remote detection method and a passive method. The proposed method utilizes error rates of system parameter such as voltage and power to readjust generator controllers and maintain the system stability. Khadem S et al. [29] has proposed the integration technique and powerful control of UPQC in Distributed Generation (DG) at the microgrid system. The results show that the UPQC can compensate for the voltage and current disturbance at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) during interconnected mode. It is used in [30] as a flexible digital-control design in a three-phase APF, which is used in variable-frequency grid conditions. The design consisted of a grid-frequency flexible resonant current adjuster and an upgraded synchronous-reference-frame phase-locked loop. In [31], a single-stage 3 Phase-4 Wire grid-linked PV system that operated with a UPQC is presented. The UPQC with old load harmonic currents and atoning reactive power. The PV-UPQC denominated the power circuit of the system and is built from twin back-to-back linked neutral-point fastened inverters. In Reference [32], an advanced UPQC has been proposed to fine tune the existing solutions for producing perfect sinusoidal air turbine-end currents within both bent-unbalanced load-terminal voltages and non-linear load cases.

The flexible UPQC and APFs could add outstanding redemption for current and voltage distortions, yet they are far from being a cost-effective solution because of high design and working costs. Compared to the additional investment for equipment purchasing, the improved control method of GCI can be practically incorporated.

It is to be noted that the current work targets the redemption of voltage and grid current harmonics. Wherever big disorders exist in the main grids, for example, the harmonic or THD, the GCI with the proposed control method is seldom useful to redeem the grid, including MG problems. To verify the performance of the suggested control solution, the system has been simulated and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.

This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the control approach for a DG grid-connected inverter. Section 3 presents the proposed control method for photovoltaic GCI. In this section, details of the entire control structure, including the power stage and the harmonic current and voltage compensation stage, are explained. Simulation results with three case studies are presented in Section 4. Finally, in Section 5, the conclusions are presented.

2. Control Approach for Distributed Generation (DG) Grid-Connected Inverter

Figure 1 shows the DG structure with power stage and local controller (without power quality controllers). Evidently, a feedforward loop might be incorporated to measure small variation of DC-link voltage ( _Vdc) . The DGs power level included the DC-link with voltage ( _Vdc) which can be assumed as an almost constant voltage in the DC link to control the interface inverter of the DG and inverter and an LCL-filter. An LCL filter is often used to interconnect an inverter to the utility grid in order to filter the harmonics produced by the inverter. However, as shown in this figure, it can be seen that fluctuations of the DC link voltage in the production of inverter gate signals can be considered by using a feed-forward loop.

This framework used the instantaneous active and reactive power theory to calculate the positive sequence of active and reactive powers [33]. Droop controllers generated the droop-based voltage _Vdroop,αβ in the control system. The “Mode Selector” switch enables the compensation modes to be chosen for harmonic and voltage or current unbalance. Transformation of the variables between abc and αβ frames was made possible through Clarke transformation [33]. For the transformation, Equations (1) and (2) were utilized.

_vαβ,_iαβ=23[1−12−12032−32]·_vabc,_iabc

_vabc,_iabc=23[10−1232−12−32]·_vαβ,_iαβ

where _vαβ,_iαβ and _vabc,_iabc represent the instantaneous output voltage ( _voabc and _voαβ ), the output current ( _ioabc and _ioαβ ) or the LC filter inductor current ( _iLabc and _iLαβ ) in the abc and αβ frames, respectively.

The angle between the main grid (ϕ) , voltage amplitude (E) , and an output voltage of DG are identifiers of the positive sequence (PS) of active and reactive powers if the GCI is connected to the inductive grid. Accordingly, in this study, P−ϕ and Q−E power droops were utilized to produce a reference voltage. As these power droops add virtual inertia to the power inverters, they are presented as shown by Equations (3) and (4):

^φ*=_φ0+(_mP(^P*−^P+)+_mI∫(^P*−^P+)dt)

^E*=_E0+(_nP(^Q*−^Q+)+_nI∫(^Q*−^Q+)dt)

where _φ0 is rated and ^φ* is the voltage-phase angle reference. Hence, ^P+ is a basic positive-sequence active power and ^Q+ is the positive-sequence reactive power. Meanwhile, rated and reference values of voltage amplitude are _E0 and ^E* , _mP is positive sequence active power proportional, and _mI is positive sequence integral coefficients. The integral and proportional coefficients related to reactive power are represented by _nP and _nI , respectively. References to active and reactive powers are ^P* and ^Q* , respectively. If the MG functions in an islanded mode [34], ^P* , ^Q* , and _nI need to be zero.

As previously mentioned, based on the assumption that the microgrid is inductive, the P−ϕ and Q−E droops were created. Inductive virtual impedance loop for droop-controlled three-phase GCI was used to compensate the effect of the resistance and designation of the P−ϕ and Q−E droops. Equations (5) and (6) represent the main frequency virtual impedance as:

_Vvα=_{Rv i2α}−_Lvω_i2β

_Vvβ=_{Rv i2β}+_Lvω_i2α

where the virtual resistance and inductive impedances are represented by R_v and L_v , respectively. The following Equation (7) represents the reference voltage:

_Vref,αβ=_Vdroop,αβ−_Vv,αβ

Proportional–Resonant (PR) Controllers of Voltage and Current

The PR current controllers based on stationary reference frames are commonly suitable to manage the voltage and current [35]. In this study, the PR voltage and current controllers are used, as represented by Equations (8) and (9).

_GV(s)=_kpV+_krVs^s2+^(ω*)2

_GI(s)=_kpI+_krIs^s2+^(ω*)2

where _kpV ( _kpI ) and _krV ( _krI ) are the proportional and resonant factors of the voltage and current controller, respectively.

3. Proposed Control Method

Figure 2 shows the flowchart of the proposed control method of the PV grid-connected inverter. The main blocks of the method are discussed as follows. The computation starts with the parameter of PV-GCI control method, power stage parameter, and electrical system parameters. The parameters of the power stage parameter consist of the DC-link voltage, LCL-filter, nonlinear load tie lines, distribution lines, and also PV-GCI control parameters, which include power controllers and voltage/current controllers.

Figure 3 shows a block diagram of the flexible proposed control method for a PV three-phase GCI. The system was performed in two separate parts. First, the power stage of a DG, which was comprised of an LCL filter, a three-phase inverter, and a DC link like PV Module. Second, the proposed controller part was modeled by means of the selective harmonic compensator theory. By controlling the instantaneous filter inductor current ( _iLαβ ) in Figure 3, which is controlled by a current controller, the influx of the load current on the control system performance is properly rejected [15].

Certain controllers, namely, the control method of PV, are implemented in αβ reference frame to adjust the grid currents in the αβ reference frame.

In the “photovoltaic local adjuster” block, the reference of the DG output voltage in the αβ frame (∗vαβ) was given by virtual impedance loop, compensation effort adjuster, and power adjusters. At this point, as indicated by *vαβ and the instantaneous measured output voltage ( ovαβ ), the reference current ( ∗iαβ ) was produced.

Contrarily, the LC filter inductor current was estimated and transformed to the αβ frame (L_(i_αβ)) and the desired controlled signals were used in the Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) process to produce the changing signals for the PV-GCI.

The Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is widely used for GCI to obtain the grid synchronization information, and its dynamic characteristics have an effect on the stability of the system. The DC components (average values of p and q) are fundamental positive sequence active and reactive powers that can be extracted using Low-Pass filters (LPFs) [36]. The DC-link voltage controller provides the Alternating Current (AC) active power reference. The AC reference is then determined by active and reactive power references and the AC voltage angle. The fixed DC link voltage is definitely greater than peak values of AC voltage. Hence, regulating DC bus voltage by controlling d−axis current of DC/AC converter and regulating Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) by controlling input of DC/DC converter will reduce the complexity of circuitry of a commercial grid-connected PV system. Controlling the DC bus by regulating dq current of DC/AC inverter is the best solution to maintain high dynamic response on the AC side. Hence, a PV system designed to provide _Vdc in proposed control method.

Voltage and Current Control Loops

The results presented in this section suggest that the voltage, current, and virtual impedance control loops were created without taking into account the results of unbalance compensation.

Based on the symmetrical components theory [25], it is possible to analyze an unbalanced electrical power system by separating positive and negative-sequence balanced systems.

Figure 4 shows that _GPWM(s) presenting the transfer role of the PWM block that frequently represented as a lag aspect. PWM lag was ignored _GPWM(s)=1 in this study.

4. Simulation Result

As shows in Figure 5, an MG with two PV was considered. The nominal power of PV1 and PV2 was the same. Therefore, the parameters of PV1 and PV2 can be adjusted based on their nominal power. Stability can also be analyzed for PV1 and PV2, and similar results can be achieved [37]. In this regard, this described how to control the droop controllers of the power control.

4.1. Improved Droop Control Method

Most of previous research only reported the implementation of DGs for the injection of active and reactive power into the grid. In the current work, the objectives of GCI is to improve the control strategy for a three-phase GCI of distributed generation sources such as PV. The GCI structure consists of two main parts: The power control part, and the harmonic current and voltage compensation part.

The DC-link voltage of the proposed method is given by:

_vDC=^D2+AωCsin(2ωt+φ)=^(D+B)2−^B2

where D is average grid voltage approximation, C is DC-link capacitance. A and B is given by:

A=_IG=^(ωL_IG)2+_VG2/2

B=Asin(2ωt+φ)/2ωCD

where L is AC filter inductance, _IG is AC grid current and _VG is AC grid voltage. The three-phase voltages are measured with respect to an artificial voltage _vabc , which is calculated as follows:

_va=_vmcos(_ω0t)

_vb=_vmcos(_ω0t−2π3)

_vc=_vmcos(_ω0t−4π3)

where _va , _vb and _vc are three-phase grid voltages, _ω0 is rated angular frequency and _vm is peak voltage. The PV-GCI that is connected to the grid through the impedance Z<θ . The following characteristics were applied to control ^P+ and ^Q+ in the microgrid that was connected to the main grid:

^∅*=_∅0+(_kpP+_kiPs)·(^P+*−^P*)

^E*=_E0+(_kpQ+_kiQs)·(^Q+*−^Q*)

^P+=3·(E·VZcos∅−^V2Z)cos∅+3·E·VZsin∅sinθ

^Q+=3·(E·VZcos∅−^V2Z)sin∅−3·E·VZsin∅cosθ

In these equations, ^P+* and ^Q+* are the reference values of powers, and _kpQ and _kiQ are the integral coefficient of active and reactive powers, respectively. Hence, _kpP and _kpQ are the proportion coefficient of active and reactive powers, respectively. Furthermore, E is the phase root-mean-square (rms) value of the PV inverter Fundamental Positive Sequence (FPS) output voltage, V represents the grid phase rms voltage, ∅ is the load angle, and Z and θ are the magnitude and the phase of the impedance, respectively.

Equation (17) acted as a PI controller for voltage with the aim of bringing injection reactive power by the PV to the reference value. Meanwhile, Equation (16), acted as a proportional-derivative controller for the frequency. In fact, since all systems have the same frequency, and there was no frequency error, integral coefficient (zero steady-state error) was not required for following the reference active power. ^P+* can be determined in a similar manner to the maximum value of power produced by the original source of PV. For example, MPPT can be used to determine ^P+* (even in islanded mode) in the case of a solar system. Additionally, ^Q+* can be set as zero in order to achieve unity power factor or a positive value to support the reactive power of the network. The ^P+* and ^Q+* can also be determined by a central controller of the microgrid. As explained in Reference [33], the instantaneous values of active and reactive powers can be writen according to the Equations (20) and (21):

p=_{voα ioα}+_{voβ ioβ}

q=_{voα ioβ}−_{voβ ioα}

Thus, Equations (20) and (21) can be modified as follows to calculate instantaneous FPS active and reactive powers, respectively:

^P′+=_{voα+ ioα+}+_{voβ+ ioβ+}

^Q′+=_{ioα+ ioβ+}−_{voβ+ ioα+}

Furthermore, according to the aforementioned explanations, Equation (24) can be applied for calculation of instantaneous fundamental negative-sequence reactive power in Equation (24):

^Q′−=_{ioα− ioβ−}−_{voβ− ioα−}

The FNS reactive power and LPF(s) can be expressed by the following Equations (25) and (26) respectively:

^Q−(s)=^Q′−(s)·LPF(s)

LPF(s)=_ωcS+_ωc

where s is the laplace variable, LPFs is transfer function of LPF, and _ωc is cutoff frequency of LPFs.

Using LPF in Equation (25) improves the stability of unbalance compensation by preventing the sudden change of ^Q− as aresult of compensation. Finally, the THD of the output current of the inverter can be obtained using Equation (27).

TH_DI=_I22+_I32+_I42+…_In2I1×100%=_{∑k=2n Ik2I1}

where _In is the RMS current of the nth harmonic, and n=1 is the fundamental frequency.

The THD was mainly affected by the output impedance at the harmonic frequencies. Therefore, it is feasible to optimize the design of the output impedance at higher frequencies to minimize the THD of the output voltage and current. It can be achieved without affecting the impedance at the fundamental frequency.

4.2. Current Compensation

The simulation results were obtained using the Matlab/Simulink software to verify the effectiveness of the suggested control strategy shown in Figure 5.

As shown in Figure 5, the rated voltage and frequency are considered to be 230 V and 50 Hz, respectively. The system also consisted of twin Nonlinear Loads (NLLs) including three-phase diode rectifier as well as three unbalanced single-phase diode rectifiers generating the bent wave structure. The nonlinear loads are responsible for producing the distorted waveforms [38,39]. A proposed control methods were applied to PVs and the values of the three-phase power band and control system are presented in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.

Table 1 lists the positive and the negative-sequence Bode plots of ^G+(s) and Table 2 lists the positive and the negative-sequence Bode diagrams of ^G−(s) , which were considered as the power stage and PV-GCI control parameters.

Figure 5 shows the magnitude of G(s) for positive and negative sequences. Where G(s) is output impedance and can be extracted:

_G(s)=_GV(s)·_GI(s)LC^s2+(_rL+_GI(s))·Cs+_GV(s)·_GI(s)+1

In this system, one set of phasors has the same phase sequence as the system. Furthermore, the positive and negative sequences can usually be seen in the opposite phase. The positive sequences are needed for unity and negative sequences needed to zero.

Bode diagrams of the magnitude and G(s) are compared in Figure 6. Moreover, the phase angle of 5th and 7th voltages and currents harmonic components are zero. Thus, the gain and the phase angle of the closed-loop transfer function are unity and zero, respectively. Hence, voltage references are used to provide proper tracking.

The NLLs including GCI resulted to nonlinear system current and unbalanced which need the insertion of harmonic currents added to MG and grid. The uncompensated nonlinear loads and DGs current wave structures also displayed by Figure 7.

This figure shows the currents NLL1 and NLL2 and PV1 and PV2, equipped without any compensation devices, which is connected alone to the microgrid. The THD of the current is 5.86% (NLL1), 17.51% (NLL2), 27.41% (PV1), and 27.41% (PV2), respectively. The precompensation and post-compensation waveforms of PV1 and PV2 three-phase output currents are depicted in Figure 8.

For all simulations, the results of using the proposed control method are compared with those using the control method of UPQC and APFs.

According to the IEEE standards, the current total harmonic distortion should be maintained below 5%. Figure 8 displays the wave structures of the system currents inserted by the GCI in the case of PVs and nonlinear loads without particular filters working. Prior to proposed control method being switched in, the system current is unbalanced due to harmonics contents. The THDs of NLL1, NLL2, PV1, and PV2 are 0.12%, 0.17%, 0.09%, and 0.08%, respectively. Apparently, the proposed compensation method works by rectifying the bent.

4.3. Voltage Compensation

Figure 5 is also considered as a grid-connected system to test voltage compensation. The power and control system parameters are listed as Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. The switching frequency for the grid-connected inverter is set to 10 Hz. According to Figure 5, two nonlinear loads can cause a harmonic voltage in the microgrid, this ultimately leads to an imbalance in the microgrid. The balanced three-phase line is connected at the PCC point. According to the figure, zl1 and zl2 denote the distribution lines between PVs and PCC. The voltage compensation to balance voltage starts at t = 0.1 s. Voltage Unbalance Factor (VUF) is adjusted up to 0.5%.

The three-phase output voltages of the grid-connected unit under varying unbalanced load changes, with the conventional control strategy, is depicted in Figure 9. This figure also shows the transient load voltages as zoomed figures. As can be observed from this figure, the load voltage in phase ‘a’ and ‘c’ are increased by at least 3 line cycles unbalanced due to the inclusion of the line-to-line load between phase ‘a’ and ‘c’. A large distortion voltage is observed in the output voltages with this control strategy; however, it is restored with a slow transient response. Afterwards, the connected load between phase ‘c’ and the neutral line is changed. Consequently, the voltage in phase ‘c’ is gradually increased. Similarly, a unbalanced waveform in the load voltages, and is restored slowly because of the sudden load change. As can be seen from the zoomed figure, the load disconnection leads to unequal voltage values on three-phases. Nevertheless, the output voltage values are restored with a slow transient response.

The PLL is taken into account in the impedance model of the inverter to analyze the impact of PLL on the system, and evaluate the stability of the GCI system. The dq frame coincides with the controller dq system in a steady state. If there are perturbations in the grid voltage, an angle exists between the two frames due to the PLL dynamics, which will have an impact on the system stability. The transfer function matrix from system dq frames to controller dq frames can be expressed by _TΔθ .

_TΔθ=[cosΔθsinΔθ−sinΔθcosΔθ]

The Voltage Unbalance Factor (VUF) at the PCC point follows the reference value properly and defined as follows, is considered as the index of unbalance (40):

VUF=_{Vorms−Vorms+}·100

where the _Vorms− is the rms values of the negative of the DG output voltage and the _Vorms+ is the rms values of the positive of the DG output voltage.

Besides this, the quality of the PCC voltage is improved by PVs output voltage disruption. On the other hand, due to the low impedance of the line between PV2 and PCC, VUF is slightly increased. The negative sequence voltages are observed in phase at the PCC point and the PVs terminal. Accordingly, the negative sequence voltage of the PCC is reduced by increasing the negative sequence of the PV output voltage. In addition, in order to show the imbalance compensation, the three-phase output voltages at the PCC before compensation shown in Figure 9.

The harmonic value of the voltage is 5.73%. The output of the PV2 voltage is similar to PV1. As it is observed after the compensation, while the PV output voltage is unstable, the voltage imbalance at the PCC point is reduced effectively.

The output voltages of PV1 and PV2, equipped with the proposed control method, are shown in Figure 10. The balanced voltage is shown as zoomed figures. As can be observed from this figure, the three-phase output voltage is sharply increased due to the inclusion of the three-phase unbalanced load. Afterwards, the output voltage rapidly changes as a consequence of the connection of the three-phase load between phase ‘c’ and the neutral. It is surprising to see that the output voltages of the PV1 and PV2 remain balanced under all unbalanced load changes. Comparing the two PV waveforms, it can be seen that both PVs have the ability to provide balanced output voltages under unbalanced load situations, even when they have to supply a three-phase load in the grid-connected microgrid.

Based on Figure 10, the voltage THD is reduced from 5.73% to 0.3%, which is approved by the IEEE-519 standard.

Finally, according to Reference [29], in addition to the current compensation, voltage compensation is also carried out in this paper so that in Reference [29], only harmonic current compensation is implemented. Therefore, according to the results, the proposed control method is capable of harmonic compensation and the simultaneous unbalance of voltage and current in the presence of nonlinear loads in the microgrid.

The next step is to develop a control method to compensate for other harmonic current and voltage problems at the presence of larger nonlinear loads and more distributed generation sources and also the other PCC voltage power quality problems such as voltage sags.

5. Conclusions

A control method has been presented as an improved current control strategy for three-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverters under unbalanced and nonlinear load conditions. It is difficult to suppress the harmonic content in the output current of lower than the pre-set value in the GCI. It is also difficult to compensate for unbalanced loads, especially when the grid is under disruption due to total harmonic distortion. Therefore the proposed control method has significant advantages over the conventional methods, and is able to produce clean output grid currents that are free from grid voltage and current harmonics. The results show that the harmonic current and voltage compensation loop have the ability to compensate for the current harmonics and could be able to correct the system unbalance. Furthermore, the proposed control method has the ability to accurately share the active and reactive powers between DGs, as well as providing balanced output current and voltage with low THD under unbalanced and nonlinear load conditions. The voltage and current THD under the proposed control method were reduced from 5.73% to 0.3% and 27.41% to less than 0.2 respectively. The results clearly verify the effectiveness of the proposed control methods.

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DC-Link Voltage	LCL-Filter	Nonlinear Loads Tie Lines
Vdc(V)	L(mH), C(μF)	Z(Ω, mH)
750	1.28, 30	0.11, 1.62
Distribution Lines	Nonlinear Load 1	Nonlinear Load 2
Zl1,Zl2,(Ω,mH)	RNL1/LNL1 (Ω)/(mH)	RNL2/LNL2 (Ω)/(mH)
0.12, 1.78	50/0.083	200/0.9

Power Controllers (PV1 and PV2)
mD(rad/W)		mP(rad/W·s)				nD(V/VAr)
0.5×10−5/1.2×10−5		0.5×10−4/1.2×10−4				1.5×10−1/2.8×10−1
Voltage/Current Controller
kpv/kp1	krv1/kr11	krv3/kr13		krv5/kr15		krv7/kr17	ωcV/ωc1 (rad/s)
1/4	100/1000	200/400		50/100		100/100	2/2
Electrical System Parameters
L(mH)	C(μF)		Lℓ1(mH)		Lℓ2(mH)		ZL(Ω)
1.93	25		3.44		1.93		68/57 + 4.6j

Author Contributions

All authors have contributed equally to this work. All authors of this manuscript jointly have conceived the theoretical analysis, modeling, and obtained the simulation.

Funding

This research was funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia under the Post-Doctoral Fellowship Schem grant number 4F828, 04E54, and 18H10.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature

C DC-link capacitance

L The transformation matrix

P Real powers injected

Q Reactive powers injected

u Grid voltage

ω Grid angular frequency

_Vref Reference voltage

_Vdc DC link voltage

^P+ Positive-sequence active power

^Q+ Positive-sequence reactive power

^P* References to active powers

^Q* References to reactive powers

_vm Peak voltage

PI Proportiona lintegral

_kiQ Integral coefficient of reactive power

_kpQ Integral coefficient of active power

_kpP Proportion coefficient of active power

_kpQ Proportion coefficient of reactive power

R_v Virtual resistance

L_v Inductive impedances

_kpV Proportional factors of the voltage

_krV Resonant vactors of the voltage

_kpI Proportional factors of the current

_krI Resonant factors of the current

_iLαβ Instantaneous filter inductor current

∗vαβ Voltage in the αβ frame

ovαβ Instantaneous measured output voltage

∗iαβ Reference current

_GPWM(s) Presenting the transfer role of the PWM

G(s) Output Impedance

_Vdroop,αβ Droop-based voltage

_voabc and _voαβ Instantaneous output voltage

_ioabc and _ioαβ Instantaneous output current

_IG AC grid current

_VG AC grid voltage

_Vorms- The rms values of the negative of the DG output voltage

_Vorms+ The rms values of the positive of the DG output voltage

APF Active power filter

DB Deadbeat

DG Distributed generation

DPGSs Distributed power Generation Sources

FPS Fundamental positive sequence

GCI Grid-connected inverters

MG Microgrid

NNL Nonlienar load

PCC Point of common coupling

PLL Phase locked loop

PR Proportional resonant

PV Photovoltaic

PS Positive sequence

PWM Pulse width modulator

RESs Renewable energy sources

RC Repetitive control

RMS Root-mean-square

THD Total Hharmonic distortion

UPQC Unified power quality conditioner

VUF Voltage unbalance factor

© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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