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Abstract
Recently introduced classes of thin, soft, skin-mounted microfluidic systems offer powerful capabilities for continuous, real-time monitoring of total sweat loss, sweat rate and sweat biomarkers. Although these technologies operate without the cost, complexity, size, and weight associated with active components or power sources, rehydration events can render previous measurements irrelevant and detection of anomalous physiological events, such as high sweat loss, requires user engagement to observe colorimetric responses. Here we address these limitations through monolithic systems of pinch valves and suction pumps for purging of sweat as a reset mechanism to coincide with hydration events, microstructural optics for reversible readout of sweat loss, and effervescent pumps and chemesthetic agents for automated delivery of sensory warnings of excessive sweat loss. Human subject trials demonstrate the ability of these systems to alert users to the potential for dehydration via skin sensations initiated by sweat-triggered ejection of menthol and capsaicin.
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1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
4 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
6 Department of Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
7 Micro/Nano Fabrication Facility, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
8 Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
9 School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
10 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
11 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Departments of Chemistry, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Departments of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA