Natural Convection of Dusty Hybrid Nanofluids in an Enclosure Including Two Oriented Heated Fins

Abstract

[16] investigated the effects of magnetic field on the natural convection flow of hybrid, Al2O3-water, or Cu-water nanofluids, in a square cavity with two pairs of heat source-sink. Ashorynejad and Shahriari [17] adopted the lattice Boltzmann method to study the natural convection heat transfer of Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid within an open wavy cavity subjected to a uniform magnetic field. For the Particle Phase ∂us∂x+∂vs∂y=0 ∂us∂t+us∂us∂x+vs∂us∂y=−∂ps∂x−αs(us−uf) ∂vs∂t+us∂vs∂x+vs∂vs∂y=−∂ps∂y−αs(vs−vf) ∂θs∂t+us∂θs∂x+vs∂θs∂y=−23γPrαs(θs−θf) In Equations (1)–(8), ( uf,vf,us,vs ) are components of the velocity in (x,y) directions where f and s refer to the hybrid nanofluid phase and particle phase respectively. θ is the temperature τ is the time and g is the gravity. α is the thermal diffusivity, ρ is the density, Cp is the specific heat and ν is the kinematic viscosity. ϕ is the nanoparticle volume fraction, p is the pressure, k is the thermal conductivity. [...]more information on the kinds of the dusty particle, its size, mass concentration of particle phase and the dust parameters can be found in the valuable study presented by Rudinger [1]. [...]Hi(i=1,2,3,4,5) are functions, those are expressed as follows [17,37]: ϕ=ϕAl2 O3++ϕCu ρCu H1(ϕAl2 O3, ϕCu)=μhnfμfρfρhnf=1[1.−ϕ]2.5[1.1.−ϕ+ϕAl2 O3 ρAl2 O3+ϕCu ρCuρf] H2(ϕAl2 O3, ϕCu)=ρfρhnf=1.1.−ϕ+ϕAl2 O3 ρAl2 O3+ϕCu ρCuρf H3(ϕAl2 O3, ϕCu)=ρfρhnf(ρβ)hnf(ρβ)f=[1.1.−ϕ+ϕAl2 O3 ρAl2 O3+ϕCu ρCuρf][1.−ϕ+ϕAl2 O3 (ρp βp)Al2 O3+ϕCu (ρp βp)Cuρf βf]

1. Introduction

The studies of the flow of fluids with suspended dust particles have been attracted the attention of numerous researchers due to their practical applications in various problems of atmospheric, engineering and physiological fields [1]. Farbar and Morley [2] were the first researchers who analyzed the gas-particulate suspension on experimental grounds. Singleton [3] studied the boundary layer analysis for the dusty fluid. Gireesha et al. [4] had been considered the geometry of the laminar flow of an unsteady viscous fluid with a uniform distribution of dust particles through a rectangular channel under the influence of the pulsatile pressure gradient. Later, numerous authors [5,6,7,8,9,10] investigated the dynamics of the two-phase flow under different physical circumstances.

The method of the suspending dissimilar nanoparticles in either mixture or composite form was known as the hybrid nanofluid. Hybrid nanofluids are a new type of enhanced working fluids, engineered with enhanced thermophysical properties. The hybrid nanofluids profit from the thermo-physical properties of more than one type of nanoparticles. In recent years, many authors have used hybrid nanofluids [11,12,13]. Mehryan et al. [14] studied the free convective heat transfer of the Al₂O₃-Cu water hybrid nanofluid in a cavity filled with a porous medium. They considered two types of important porous media, glass ball and aluminum metal foam, for the porous matrix. Hussain et al. [15] performed computational analyses in a horizontal channel with an open cavity filled with a hybrid nanofluid of Al₂O₃-Cu/water. They studied the effect of Richardson number, nanoparticle volume fraction and Hartmann number on the streamlines, isotherms, average Nusselt number and entropy generation. Mansour et al. [16] investigated the effects of magnetic field on the natural convection flow of hybrid, Al₂O₃-water, or Cu-water nanofluids, in a square cavity with two pairs of heat source-sink. Ashorynejad and Shahriari [17] adopted the lattice Boltzmann method to study the natural convection heat transfer of Al₂O₃-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid within an open wavy cavity subjected to a uniform magnetic field. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and heat transfer of non-Newtonian micropolar dusty fluid suspended with Cu-Al₂O₃ hybrid nanoparticles past a stretching sheet were investigated by Ghadikolaei et al. [18]. Sheikholeslami et al. [12] presented the analysis of magnetizable hybrid nanofluid of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-Fe₃O₄/H₂O inside a circular cavity with two circular heaters. Chamkha et al. [19] adopted the Control volume finite element method (CVFEM) method to study the effects of thermal radiation and shape factor of nanoparticles’ impacts on magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid natural convection in a cavity.

On the other hand, Mozaffari et al. [20] studied the effects of asphaltene aggregation on rheological properties of diluted athabasca bitumen. Darjani et al. [21] derived the equation of state of lattice gases based on the random sequential adsorption simulations. Mozaffari et al. [22,23] introduced capillary driven flow to probe liquids’ rheology in nanofluidic systems and adopted an engine model consisting of a spherical Janus colloid coated with a symmetrical catalyst cap, which converts fuel into a product solute. Hosseini et al. [24] studied numerically the effects of poly disperse particle size, particle mass and flow velocity on the deposition ratio in fin channels.

To enhance the heat transfer rate within the cavities, some of the researchers added fins to the cavity walls. Liu et al. [25] studied experimentally the natural convection flow adjacent to a finned sidewall of a differentially heated cavity using the shadowgraph technique. Varol and Ozgen [26] studied the natural convection in a square cavity including an inclined fin on the wall. Kolsi et al. [27] analyzed the natural convection and entropy generation in a three-dimensional cavity with an inclined fin. They observed that the inclination angle significantly affect the heat transfer and the fluid flow. Elatar et al. [28] studied the laminar natural convection in a square cavity attached with a horizontal fin. They investigated the effect of different aspects of the fins such as length, thickness, conductivity ratio, and position. Ma and Xu [29] performed a numerical study on the unsteady natural convection of a differentially heated finned cavity. It was shown that the heat transfer is a function of the Rayleigh number and the fin positions. Azimifar and Payan [30] analyzed the natural convection in a finned cavity heated from one side. They found that applying optimal thin fins reduces the heat transfer at the cavity wall up to 8%. Torabi et al. [31] analyzed the natural convection inside a partially differentially heated cavity with a thin fin. Imani [32] studied a three-dimensional, steady and transient natural convection in a finned cubical cavity. Hatami [33] reviewed the natural convection of nanofluid flow in a rectangular cavity with two heated fins. The results indicated that the long fins give higher values of heat transfer. Gao et al. [34] used a lattice Boltzmann model to simulate melting of the phase change materials in the porous media with a conducting fin. Ghalambaz et al. [35] investigated the natural convection heat transfer and the fluid flow inside a square cavity affected by an oscillating fin on the hot wall. Alnaqi et al. [27] investigated the effects of the radiation and magnetic field on the heat transfer rate and the nanofluid entropy generation in a diagonal square cavity with a conductor fin. Abdi et al. [36] investigated the effects of the vertical fins on the heat transfer rate and energy density of a latent heat thermal energy storage system. They used the vertical fins on the bottom surface to enhance the charging rate.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the heat transfer and fluid flow of dusty hybrid nanofluids inside an enclosure that includes two inclined heated fins using one phase model. The governing equations are presented, separately, for the hybrid nanofluid phase and the dusty phase. Comparing the heat transfer rate in cases of pure dusty fluid and hybrid nanofluid is considered one of the objectives. In addition, this study aims to show the best length and best orientation of the fins to enhance the heat transfer rate inside the enclosure.

2. Problem Description

Consider a two-dimensional and laminar flow of incompressible Al₂O₃-Cu hybrid nanofluid in a rectangle enclosure, as depicted in Figure 1. The following assumptions are taken into account through the study of this phenomenon:

1. The x -axis is along the bottom wall and y -axis is along the left wall and the origin is intersection point of these two walls. _L1 and _L2 are the lengths of left and right fins.

2. Two inclined fins are located in the enclosure at x=s1 and x=s2 and the relation between (^x′,^y′), (^x″,^y″) and (x,y) (Note that the left fin rotates in clockwise direction and the right fins rotates in anticlockwise direction) are given as follows: (^x′,^x″)=xcos_γ1−ysin_γ1, (^y′,^y″)=xsin_γ1+ycos_γ1 .

3. The flow is laminar and incompressible.

4. A one-phase model is applied for the hybrid nanofluids in which the nanoparticles volume fraction and the thermophysical properties of the base fluid and nanoparticles’ volume fraction are constants.

5. Table 1 shows the values of the thermophysical properties of the base fluid and nanoparticles at 20 °C.

6. The Boussinesq approximation is taken into account.

7. Effects of the gravity are considered in the vertical direction.

8. The viscous dissipation is neglected in the present study.

9. A system of equations is performed for the hybrid nanofluid and another one is presented for the dusty phase.

Under all the above assumptions, the governing equations (continuity, momentum and energy equations for both the hybrid nanofluid and dusty phases) are expressed as follows; see [7,24,29,30]:

2.1. Dusty Hybrid Nanofluid

∂_uf∂x+∂_vf∂y=0

∂_uf∂τ+_uf∂_uf∂x+_vf∂_uf∂y=−∂_pf∂x+_H1(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)[^∂2 _uf∂^x2+^∂2 _uf∂^y2]+_H2(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)_{Ds αs}(_us−_uf)

∂_vf∂τ+_uf∂_vf∂x+_vf∂_vf∂y=−∂_pf∂y+_H1(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)(^∂2 _vf∂^x2+^∂2 _vf∂^y2)+_H2(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)_{Ds αs}(_vs−_vf)+_H3(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)R_aEPr θ

∂_θf∂τ+_uf∂_θf∂x+_vf∂_θf∂y=_H4(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)Pr[^∂2 _θf∂^x2+^∂2 _θf∂^y2]+_H5(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)[23Pr_{Ds αs}(_θs−_θf)]

2.2. For the Particle Phase

∂_us∂x+∂_vs∂y=0

∂_us∂t+_us∂_us∂x+_vs∂_us∂y=−∂_ps∂x−_αs(_us−_uf)

∂_vs∂t+_us∂_vs∂x+_vs∂_vs∂y=−∂_ps∂y−_αs(_vs−_vf)

∂_θs∂t+_us∂_θs∂x+_vs∂_θs∂y=−23γPr_αs(_θs−_θf)

In Equations (1)–(8), ( _uf,_vf,_us,_vs ) are components of the velocity in (x,y) directions where f and s refer to the hybrid nanofluid phase and particle phase respectively. θ is the temperature τ is the time and g is the gravity. α is the thermal diffusivity, ρ is the density, _Cp is the specific heat and ν is the kinematic viscosity. ϕ is the nanoparticle volume fraction, p is the pressure, k is the thermal conductivity.

R_aE=gβΔT^H3_{νf αf} is the Rayleigh number, Pr=_νfαf is the Prandtl number, _Ds=_ρsρf is ratio of the mixture densities, γ=_CsCf is ratio of the specific heat of the mixture, _αs=^H2_{τm νf} is the dusty parameter and _τT=32γ_τmνfαf is mass concentration of the particle phase. It is important to mention here that for different mixtures, the interaction term γ may vary between 0.1 and 10.0. Also, more information on the kinds of the dusty particle, its size, mass concentration of particle phase and the dust parameters can be found in the valuable study presented by Rudinger [1]. Moreover, _Hi(i=1,2,3,4,5) are functions, those are expressed as follows [17,37]:

ϕ=_{ϕAl2 O3}++_{ϕCu ρCu}

_H1(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)=_{μhnfμfρfρhnf}=1^[1.−ϕ]2.5[1.1.−ϕ+_{ϕAl2 O3 ρAl2 O3+ϕCu ρCuρf}]

_H2(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)=_ρfρhnf=1.1.−ϕ+_{ϕAl2 O3 ρAl2 O3+ϕCu ρCuρf}

_H3(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)=_{ρfρhnf(ρβ)hnf(ρβ)f}=[1.1.−ϕ+_{ϕAl2 O3 ρAl2 O3+ϕCu ρCuρf}][1.−ϕ+_{ϕAl2 O3 (ρp βp)Al2 O3+ϕCu (ρp βp)Cuρf βf}]

_H4(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)=_αhnfαf=[1.1.−ϕ+_{ϕAl2 O3 (ρCp)Al2 O3+ϕCu (ρCp)Cu(ρCp)f}][_{ϕAl2 O3 kAl2 O3+ϕCu kCu}ϕ+2_kf+2(_{ϕAl2 O3 kAl2 O3}+_{ϕCu kCu})−2ϕ_kf][_{ϕAl2 O3 kAl2 O3+ϕCu kCu}ϕ+2_kf−(_{ϕAl2 O3 kAl2 O3}+_{ϕCu kCu})+ϕ_kf^]−1

_H5(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)=_{(ρCp)f(ρCp)hnf}=[1.1.−ϕ+_{ϕAl2 O3 (ρCp)Al2 O3+ϕCu (ρCp)Cu(ρCp)f}]

The previous equations are non-dimensionlized using the following quantities:

τ=t′^H2_νf, (x,y)=(^x′,^y′)H, (_uf,_vf,_us,_vs)=(_uf′,_vf′,_us′,_vs′)H_νf, [_θf,_θs]=[(_Tf−_Tc)(_TH−_Tc,_Ts−_Tc)_TH−_Tc], (_pf,_ps)=(_pf′, _ps′)^H2_ρhnf.

The corresponding boundary conditions are given by:

On the top wall: _uf=_vf=_us=_vs=0, _θf=_θs=0.

On the left and right walls: _uf=_vf=_us=_vs=0, ∂_θf∂n=∂_θs∂n=0.

On the bottom wall: _uf=_vf=_us=_vs=0, ∂_θf∂n=∂_θs∂n=0.

On the inclined fins _θf=_θs=1.

The local Nusselt number in case of hybrid nanofluid that is computed at the cold wall is defined as:

Nu=−_H4(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)_H5(_{ϕAl2 O3}, _ϕCu)∂_θf∂y.

Moreover, the average Nusselt number is expressed as:

Nu¯=1A_∫0ANu dX.

3. Numerical Method and Validation

The time-dependent partial differential Equations (1)–(8) with dimensionless boundary conditions (16) are solved numerically using the FVM (finite volume method) with the SIMPLE algorithm [38,39,40,41,42,43,44]. This treatment starts with re-writing the systems of equations in the following general forms:

_{∫Ω ∂t}ΦdV+∫Ω (u^Φ−_ΓΦ grad Φ)Δn^dS=∫Ω_SΦdV

where Ω is the control volume with volume V and Φ refers to _uf, _vf, _θf, _us, _vs and _θs . In addition, the UDS (upwind differences scheme) is applied to the convective terms while the diffusive fluxes are approximated using the CDS (central differences scheme) then the following algebraic system is obtained:

_apΦαΦΦp=_{aE ΦE}+_{aW ΦW}+_{aN ΦN}+_{aS ΦS}+_S¯Φ+(1.−_αΦ)_{αΦapΦ Φpn−1}.

The previous systems are solved using the ADI (alternating direction implicit) technique. Here, it should be mentioned that two SIMPLE algorithms are performed for the hybrid nanofluid system and dusty systems. Also, the collected grid-system is used and the interface velocity at cell face e (east) is evaluated using the following interpolation:

_ue=_{fe+ uE}+(1.−_fe+)_uP−_αuΔY[_PE−_Pp]_(apu)e+_fe+αuΔY_{[Pe−Pw]E(apu)E}+(1.0−_fe+)_αuΔY_{[Pe−Pw]P(apu)P}.

A home code is performed and the convergence criteria of ¹⁰⁻⁶ are applied. In order to choose the suitable grid size, a study of a gird independency is carried out and presented in Figure 2. It is found that 100×121 is suitable for the systems of equations. Also, a validation test is conducted and presented in Figure 3 to check the accuracy of the present results. In this figure, comparison of the streamlines and isotherms contours between the present results and those obtained by Hatami [33] is presented. A well agreement is observed between the results. Moreover Table 2 presents a quantitative comparison between the present results, in special cases ( Ra=¹⁰³, _{ϕAl2 O3}= _ϕCu=0%, _Ds=0, _αs=0 ), and those reported in Grosan et al. [45]. It is found that the percentages of the errors in values of _ψmax and _θmax are 0.58% and 1.16%, respectively, which confirms accuracy of the present results.

4. Results and Discussion

This section discusses results of the natural convection for dusty hybrid nanofluids in an enclosure including two inclined heated fins. The streamlines and isotherms are represented in contours forms. The local and average Nusselt numbers are represented in curves profiles under effects of the current physical parameters. The variations of parameters are summarized as: the inclination angle _γ1(^0°−^180°) , fins lengths _L1=_L2(0.1−0.9) , nanoparticles volume fraction _{ϕAl2 O3}= _ϕCu (0.01−0.04) , mixture densities ratio _Ds(1−1000) and dusty parameter _αs(0.001−0.01) . The fixed parameters are: Rayleigh number R_aE=¹⁰⁵ and ratio of specific heat of the mixture γ=0.1 .

4.1. Effects of Fins’ Geometric Parameters

Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7 depict effects of the inclination angle of the heated-fins on contours of the streamlines, isothermal, and dusty horizontal and vertical veloicties at _{ϕAl2 O3}= _ϕCu=0.02, _Ds=10, _αs=0.01, Ra=¹⁰⁵, _L1=_L2=0.5 and γ=0.1 . Distributions of the isothermal lines are increased horizontally across the enclosure as the inclination angle of heated fins increases from 0° to 60°. Also, the formation of streamlines inside the enclosure depends on the inclination angle of heated fins. There are four cells of the streamlines around the two heated fins, and the two wider cells are formed near to the enclosure walls. As the inclination angle increases, the wider cells of streamlines are shrinking and the center cells are expanding. The maximum values of the stream function are fluctuating as inclination angle increases from 0° to 60°. In addition, the distributions of the horizontal and vertical dusty velocity contours are depending on the orientation of the heated fins. The maximum of the horizontal and vertical dusty velocities is slightly fluctuating according to an increase on the inclination angle of heated fins shapes. Moreover, the horizontal and vertical dusty velocities along the enclosure are distributed according to variations on the inclination angle.

Figure 8 and Figure 9 present the effects of the heated-fins lengths with two values of an inclination angle _γ1=^0° and 45° on the streamlines and isothermal contours. It is observed that, as expected, the increase in lengths of the heated fins enhances the heated area inside the enclosure and consequently both of the temperature distributions and thermal boundary layers are supported. Also, the inclination of the heated fins makes higher heated area inside the enclosure. In addition, the maximum of the stream function decreases as the lengths of the heated fins are increased. The streamlines form different cells according to lengths and orientation of the heated fins. Figure 10 and Figure 11 show the horizontal and vertical dusty velocity contours under effects of the inclination angle of the heated-fins at _{ϕAl2 O3}= _ϕCu=0.02, _Ds=10, _αs=0.01, Ra=¹⁰⁵ and γ=0.1 . From these figures, the maximum of the horizontal and vertical dusty velocities increases as the heated fins’ lengths increase from 0.3 to 0.6.

4.2. Effects of Hybrid Nanofluids

Figure 12 shows effects of the nanoparticle volume fraction for hybrid nanofluid on contours of the isotherms, streamlines, horizontal and vertical velocities of the dusty fluid at _L1=_L2=0.5, _Ds=10, _αs=0.01, Ra=¹⁰⁵ , _γ1=^45° and γ=0.1 . Generally, an increase in the nanoparticle volume fraction enhances the viscosity of the fluid and hence the fluid activity is reduced. This can be proved from observing the maximum value of the stream function, at _{ϕAl2 O3}=_ϕCu=1% , (_|ψ|max=2.8613) and at _{ϕAl2 O3}=_ϕCu=4% , (_|ψ|max=2.7907) . Similar trends occur on the maximum values of horizontal and vertical velocities, when _{ϕAl2 O3}=_ϕCu=1% (_|us|max=0.1485, _|vs|max=0.2422) and at _{ϕAl2 O3}=_ϕCu=4% , (_|us|max=0.1414, _|vs|max=0.2192) . The isotherms are slightly affected by adding the nanoparticles inside the enclosure.

Figure 13 presents the isothermal dusty contours under the effects of the mixture densities ratio at inclination angle _γ1=^45° , _{ϕAl2 O3}= _ϕCu=0.02, _αs=0.001, Ra=¹⁰⁵, at _L1=_L2=0.5 and γ=0.1 . From these invitigations, effects of the mixture densities ratio on the isothermal dusty contours appear only at low dusty parameter (_αs=0.001) . From this figure, the distributions of the isothermal dusty contours decrease when the mixture densities ratio _Ds increases from 100 to 1000. The variations of mixture densities ratio from 1 to 100 have slight effects on the isothermal dusty contours.

4.3. Local and Average Nusselt Number

Figure 14 shows the local Nusselt number along X -axis under the effects of (a) an inclination angle, (b) fins lengths with two values of an inclination angle, (c) nanoparticle volume fraction for hybrid nanofluid, and (d) mixture densities ratio with two values of dusty parameter, at Ra=¹⁰⁵ and γ=0.1 . It is observed that, the inclination angle affects the local Nusselt number along the X -axis without uniform tendency. Also, there are maximum values of the local Nusselt number that occurred at different locations along X -axis particulary, at the range 0.5≤X≤2.5 . As the fins lengths increase from 0.1 to 0.6, the local Nusselt number increases with three different peaks near to the location of the heated fins. The third results showed that the local Nusslet number is enhanced with a small rate as the nanoparticles volume fraction of hybrid nanofluid increase from 1% to 4% . Finally, in case of the low dusty parameter (_αs=0.001) , effects of the mixture densities ratio on the local Nusselt number appear only when the mixture densities ratio _Ds equals 1000 and then the local Nusselt number decreases clearly as _Ds increases from 100 to 1000. While in case of the higher dusty parameter (_αs=0.01) , the effects of _Ds on the local Nusselt number appear soon from _Ds=10 to 100 and lowest values of local the Nusselt number at _αs=0.01 with _Ds=1000 . The physical explanation of this behavior is due to the fact that the carrier fluid loses kinetic energy by loading the dust particles and this factor leads to a reduced rate of the heat transfer. Figure 15 depicts the average Nusselt number under the effects of (a) an inclination angle, (b) fins lengths with two values of an inclination angle, (c) solid volume fraction for hybrid nanofluid, and (d) mixture densities ratio with two values of dusty parameter. As the inclination angle increases from 0° to 180°, the average Nusselt number is fluctuating between increasing or decreasing. The average Nusselt number is increasing between 0° to 45°, decreasing between 45° to 100° and increasing between 100° to 180°. As the heated fins lengths increase from _L1=_L2=0.1 to 0.9 this enhances the average Nusselt number. The average Nusselt number is higher at an inclination angle 45° compared to 0° when fins lengths vary from 0.1 to 0.6 only. The third results exposed that the average Nusselt is enhanced as the nanoparticles volume fraction increases due to the increase in the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. At the end, the average Nusselt number is decreasing as the mixture densities ratio increases especially at a higher dusty parameter (_αs=0.01) and a slight decrease on the average Nusselt number occurs at a lower dusty parameter (_αs=0.001) .

Figure 16 presents the time-dependent of isothermal contours for three values of heated-fin lengths _L1=_L2=0.3, 0.5 and 0.9 at an inclination angle _γ1=^45° , _{ϕAl2 O3}= _ϕCu=0.02, _Ds=10, _αs=0.01, Ra=¹⁰⁵ and γ=0.1 . In this figure, the transition of the isothermal distributions across the cavity from the initial to the final was introduced for three values of heated-fin lengths _L1=_L2=0.3, 0.5 and 0.9. In this figure, the formation of hot layers around the heated fins are increase as the times increase. In addition, an increase of the fin lengths enhances the heated area inside the enclosure and consequently the thermal boundary layers are supported.

5. Conclusions

Numerical simulations have been performed to study the natural convection flow of dusty hybrid nanofluids inside shallow cavities; those include two rotating heated fins. One of the fins rotates in the clockwise direction and the other rotates in the opposite direction (anticlockwise). This phenomenon was presented by two systems of partial differential equations for the hybrid nanofluid phase and dusty phase. Two SIMPLE algorithms were performed to evaluate the pressures for the hybrid nanofluid and dusty phases. The main results of this simulation can be summarized as follows:

1. There are minimum values of the local Nusselt number that occur at the center of the top wall. Also, the increases in the fins lengths enhance the rate of heat transfer regardless of the values of the inclination angle.

2. For the low values of the lengths of the fins, the vertical fins are the best for the heat transfer compared with the rotating fins.

3. A clear reduction in the heat transfer rate is obtained as a ratio of the mixture densities increases. Also, like the effects of the mixture density ratio, the increase in the dusty parameter reduces the average Nusselt number.

4. A good support in profiles of the average Nusselt number is observed as the nanoparticles’ volume fraction increases.

5. The maximum values of the streamlines and dusty velocity components are diminished as values of the nanoparticles’ volume fraction decreases.

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Property	Water	Copper (Cu)	Alumina (Al2O3)
ρ (kg/m3)	997.1	8933	3970
Cp(J/kg·K)	4179	385	765
k(W/m·K)	0.613	401	40
β (1/K)	21 × 10−5	1.67 × 10−5	0.85 × 10−5

Function	Grosan at al. [45]	Presents	Error
ψMax	3.5132	3.5338	0.58%
θMax	0.0985	0.097359	1.16%

Funding

This research was funded by King Khalid University, grant number R.G.P1./147/40.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to extend their appreciations to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding their work through research groups program under grant (R.G.P1./147/40).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature

_Cp specific heat

_Ds ratio of the mixture densities

g gravitational acceleration, m/^s2

k thermal conductivity, W^{m-1 K-1}

_L1 , _L2 lengths of left and right fins

Nu Nusselt number

P pressure, N/^m2

Pr Prandtl number

Q˙ heat generation parameter

Ra Rayleigh number

s1 , s2 fin location in the enclosure

T temperature, K

t time, s

u,v dimension velocity components, ms

x,y Cartesian coordinates, m

Greek Symbols

α thermal diffusivity, ^m2/s

_αs dusty parameter

γ ratio of the specific heat

_γ1 Inclined angel

ϕ nanoparticle volume fraction

μ viscosity

θ dimensionless temperature

ν kinematic viscosity, ^m2/s

ρ density, kg/^m3 .

_τT mass concentration of the particle

τ dimensionless time

Subscripts

f hybrid nanofluid

H hot

C cold

s particles

© 2019 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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