Synthesis of Novel Baicalein Amino Acid Derivatives and Biological Evaluation as Neuroprotective Agents

Abstract

[...]the severe side effects of these drugs have greatly hindered their further clinical application [12,13]. [...]the search for neuroprotective drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity to treat neurodegenerative diseases from natural resources is an important research direction in the future [14,15,16,17,18]. [...]many other studies have indicated that in baicalein derivatives, the hydroxyl group remains at the C-5 position, and has a strong activity after being modified by C-6 or C-7 [35]. Among all the compounds, compound 8 was the most active, with an EC50 value at 4.31 μM. The structure–activity relationships showed that the amino acid substituent at the 6-OH position exhibited much better neuroprotective activities than other amino acid derivatives, in the sequence 8 > 9 > 2 > 10 (Figure 1). [...]most of the cbz-protected baicalein amino acid derivatives (2, 7, 8, 9) showed better neuroprotective activity than the boc-protected baicalein amino acid derivatives (5, 6, 11, 15). When the concentration of the drug increased, the shape of the cells became regular. [...]the results indicated that compound 8 could protects injured SH-SY5Y cells from apoptosis. 2.2.3.

1. Introduction

Neurodegenerative diseases have become some of the most challenging diseases, which has attracted the attention of scientists all over the world in recent years [1,2,3,4,5]. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and other serious neurodegenerative diseases pose a great threat to human life and health [6,7]. Currently, a great deal of treatment techniques and drugs have been developed to treat them, such as dopaminergic treatments, antipsychotic drugs, and brain stimulation [8,9,10,11]. However, the severe side effects of these drugs have greatly hindered their further clinical application [12,13]. Therefore, the search for neuroprotective drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity to treat neurodegenerative diseases from natural resources is an important research direction in the future [14,15,16,17,18].

Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone), a major and famous effective component of the traditional Chinese medicine Rhizoma Huang Qin (Scutellaria altissima L.), has been proved to have therapeutic effects against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases [19,20,21,22]; it has been expected to be an ideal drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, its clinical application has been greatly limited by poor oral bioavailability [23,24,25,26]. Recent studies revealed that amino acids showed unique neurotransmitter effects in the central nervous system and could change the lipid–water partition coefficient [27,28,29,30,31,32,33]. In addition, some amino acids not only guarantee the normal development of the body, but also improve the function of central nervous tissue, such as l-type lysine [34]. These have inspired interest in using baicalein as the template parent to synthesize novel neuroprotective agents by combination with amino acids. Moreover, many other studies have indicated that in baicalein derivatives, the hydroxyl group remains at the C-5 position, and has a strong activity after being modified by C-6 or C-7 [35]. Based on the above, a series of baicalein amino acid derivatives had been designed and synthesized to improve baicalein’s neuroprotective effects. In addition, all of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), and tested for neuroprotective activity against SH-SY5Y (liver neurons), and H9C2 (human cardiac myocytes) cell lines. Moreover, the most selectivity compound was investigated by the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) test and fluorescence staining observation. The structure–activity relationships of these derivatives are also briefly discussed. Remarkably, the current findings suggest that compound 8 could not only effectively protect the damaged nerve cell, but also promote angiogenesis, providing a novel effective treatment strategy for the following study of derivative baicaleins.

2. Results 2.1. Chemistry

As shown in Scheme 1, all the designed derivatives were synthesized following the procedures. In Scheme 1, compounds 1–15 were produced by 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI)- and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-mediated esterification from the corresponding protected (t-Butyloxy carbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl) amino acids and baicalein. The structures of all target derivatives are shown in Table 1, and all of them were confirmed by spectral (¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and HRMS) analysis.

2.2. Biological Activities

2.2.1. Protective Effects against Tert-Utyl, Hydroperoxide-Induced, SH-SY5Y Neurotoxicity Cells

The protective effects of baicalein derivatives in vitro was evaluated against tert-butyl, hydroperoxide-induced, SH-SY5Y neurotoxicity cells using an MTT assay. In addition, their toxicity evaluation was tested on normal H9C2 cells. The resulting proliferation rates (%) at different concentrations, as well as their 50% effective concentrations (EC₅₀) for protecting damaged SH-SY5Y cells of the baicalein amino acid derivatives, are summarized in Table 2. The results showed that baicalein exhibited protective effects on injured SH-SY5Y cells, and most of the compounds were more potent (with lower EC₅₀ values) against injured SH-SY5Y cells than the positive baicalein drugs (EC₅₀ = 24.77 µM). The protective effects of several compounds were similar to the widely used neuroprotective drugs edaravone (EC₅₀ = 5.62 µM). Among all the compounds, compound 8 was the most active, with an EC₅₀ value at 4.31 μM. The structure–activity relationships showed that the amino acid substituent at the 6-OH position exhibited much better neuroprotective activities than other amino acid derivatives, in the sequence 8 > 9 > 2 > 10 (Figure 1).

Moreover, most of the cbz-protected baicalein amino acid derivatives (2, 7, 8, 9) showed better neuroprotective activity than the boc-protected baicalein amino acid derivatives (5, 6, 11, 15). The current study also showed that compound 8 exhibited good neuroprotective activities. To study cytotoxicity on normal cells, the cytotoxicity of compounds against normal H9C2 cells were tested. As shown in Table 3, the results indicate that there was almost no toxicity against H9C2 cells of all the compounds at 3.125 µM to 50 µM.

Based on the above evidence, we reason that the new synthetic baicalein derivatives possess remarkable neuroprotective activities. These results may provide a new idea for the design of baicalein derivatives with neuroprotective drugs to treat neurological diseases.

2.2.2. Analyses of Apoptosis

Apoptosis has been considered as the main mechanism of chemotherapy-induced cell death. Also, apoptosis can be differentiated from necrosis by their characteristic nuclear changes. Thus, we preliminarily studied the mechanism of action of compound 8 via the Giemsa staining method [36]. Then we studied the mechanism of action of compound 8 on injured SH-SY5Y cells through the detection of apoptosis, using DAPI staining.

Morphological Detection of Apoptosis Using Giemsa Staining

To characterize the morphological detection of apoptosis induced by compound 8 on injured SH-SY5Y cells, the nuclear and cytoplasmic morphological changes in compound 8-treated injured SH-SY5Y cells were observed with Giemsa staining. As shown in Figure 2, the number of injured SH-SY5Y cells in the control group was much higher than in the injury groups, and the cells in the injury groups appeared to show shrinkage and disruption, with an unusual cell shape. With the dose increase, the phenomenon of cell shrinkage and cell disruption became less obvious, alleviating morphological manifestations of cell damage compared to model cells.

Morphological Detection of Apoptosis Using DAPI Staining

To further study the mechanism of growth inhibition of compound 8 on injured SH-SY5Y cells, DAPI staining was performed. Injured SH-SY5Y cells were treated with compound 8 at 6.25, 12.5, and 5 μM concentrations for 72 h. As shown in Figure 3, for compound 8, control groups of SH-SY5Y cells showed intact cell bodies with clear round nuclei, and nuclear staining was slightly blue, while in the injury groups, nuclear morphological changes were typical of apoptosis, the number of cells was decreased, and nuclear condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies appeared. When the concentration of the drug increased, the shape of the cells became regular. Thus, the results indicated that compound 8 could protects injured SH-SY5Y cells from apoptosis.

2.2.3. Angiogenesis Activity

Clinical practice has proved that angiogenic drugs could enhance the treatment efficacy of neuroprotection chemotherapy. Especially multi-effective neuroprotective agents present positive effects to neurosurgical patients. According to the references, baicalein can promote angiogenesis [37]. Analogously, the angiogenesis activities of compound 8 were evaluated by a CAM assay (Figure 4 and Figure 5). The model was established according to our previous work [36,37,38,39]. After implantation, the sponge is treated with a stimulator of blood vessel formation in the absence or presence of an angiogenesis inhibitor. Macroscopic observation shows that, the newly formed blood vessels grow radially around the gelatin sponge in the blank control group (Figure 4a). The high survival rate of embryos and normal growth of medium and large vessels (inner diameter > 50 µm) indicates successful modeling and low toxicity of compound 8 in vitro (Figure 5). Suppression of small vessels (inner diameter < 50 µm) were recognized as angiogenesis activity. We found compound 8 could dramatically promote small angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner on CAM (Figure 4b,c), and with an increase of dosage, the degree of vascular promotion presents a good dose–effect relationship. Based on the above evidence, compound 8 might serve as an angiogenic drug that could enhance the treatment efficacy of neuroprotective chemotherapy.

3. Experimental Section 3.1. Chemistry

Reagents were bought from commercial suppliers and used without any further purification.

Chemical shifts (δ) are given in ppm and coupling constants (J) in Hz. Melting points were measured at a rate of 5 °C/min using an X-5 micro melting point apparatus (Beijing Tektronix Department of Micron Technology Inc., Beijing, China). NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker-500 spectrometer (Bruker, Dresden, Germany) with tetramethylsilane (TMS; TCI, Tokyo, Japan) as an internal standard; spectra are reported in δ (ppm). HR-MS were acquired using a Thermo Scientific TMLTQ Orbitrap XL hybrid FTMS instrument (Thermo Technologies, New York, NY, USA). Cellular morphologies were observed using an inverted fluorescence microscope (Olympus IX71, Tokyo, Japan).

General Procedure for the Preparation of Baicalein Amino Acid Derivatives 1–15

The compound baicalein (1 equivalent (equiv.)) was dissolved in dry DCM (25 mL) and DMAP (0.5 equiv.), and the protected amino acid (1.2 equiv.) was added. After addition of EDCI (1.5 equiv.), the mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 12 h, protected by nitrogen. After completion of the reaction (as monitored by TLC), the solution was evaporated and washed with a saturated sodium carbonate solution (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (25 mL), and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtrated and evaporated. Purification was performed by flash chromatography.

The 5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-6-yl 2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-methylbutanoate (compound 1) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 66.6%; m.p.: 199.7 °C, _[α]D20 = −41.03° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 13.19 (s, 1H, -OH), 9.57(s, 1H), 8.08 (d, 2H, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.60 (m, 3H), 7.37 (m, 5H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 2.90 (s, 1H), 1.16 (d, 6H, J = 6.5Hz); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 183.6, 170.4 (-COO-), 165.4, 158.2, 157.2, 155.9 (-COO-), 154.3, 137.9, 133.0, 132.3, 130.1, 129.4, 128.9, 128.9, 127.5, 106.0, 105.8, 95.4, 67.4, 60.9, 31.6, 30.4, 30.3, 30.1, 30.0, 29.8, 29.6, 29.5, 19.5, 18.3; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 502.1508 [M − H]⁺, calculatedd for C₂₈H₂₅NO₈ = 502.1507.

The 6-[(2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl) oxy]-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-7-yl 2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (compound 2) was obtained as white powder, with yield: 37.4%; m.p.: 195.8 °C, _[α]D20 = −27.18° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 13.34 (s, 1H, -OH), 8.14 (d, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz), 7.62 (m, 3H), 7.31 (m, 10H),7.16(s,1H) 6.98 (s, 2H),5.12(m,3H), 4.97(s,1H), 4.43(m,2H), 1.21 (d, 18H, J = 19.5 Hz); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 184.1, 169.8, 169.4, 166.3, 157.8 (-COO-), 154.4, 154.2, 149.5, 138.2, 138.0, 133.4, 131.9, 130.2, 130.1, 129.3, 129.3, 129.0, 128.9, 128.8, 127.7, 127.5, 109.9, 106.3, 102.9, 67.4, 67.2, 64.6, 64.2, 64.1, 35.4, 35.2, 30.4, 30.3, 30.1, 30.0, 29.8, 29.7, 29.5, 27.4, 27.2, 27.0; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 763.2867 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₄₃H₄₄N₂O₁₁ = 763.2872.

The 5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-6-yl 2-{[(benzyloxy) carbonyl] amino}-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (compound 3) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 30.2%; m.p.: 170.1 °C, _[α]D20 = −49.18° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 13.18 (s, 1H, -OH), 9.58(s,1H), 8.07 (d, 2H, J = 5.0 Hz), 7.60 (m, 3H), 7.37 (m, 5H), 7.01 (d, 1H, J = 5.0 Hz), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 4.54 (m, 1H), 2.95 (s, 1H), 1.42 (m, 1H), 1.16(d, 4H, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.00 (m, 4H).¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 183.6, 170.3 (-COO-), 165.3, 158.2, 157.2, 155.8 (-COO-), 154.2, 137.9, 132.9, 132.2, 130.1, 129.3, 128.9, 128.9, 127.4, 123.2, 106.0, 105.9, 105.8, 95.5, 95.4, 67.4, 60.1, 60.0, 38.2, 30.4, 30.2, 30.1, 29.9, 29.8, 29.6, 29.5, 25.8, 15.8, 12.0; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 516.1680 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₂₉H₂₇NO₈ = 516.1644.

The 1-benzyl 5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-6-yl 2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino} butanedioate (compound 4) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 45.2%; m.p.: 157.8 °C, _[α]D20 = −7.84° ( c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 13.18 (s, 1H, -OH),9.86(s,1H), 8.07 (d,2H, J = 6.5Hz), 7.59 (m, 3H), 7.35 (m, 10H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 5.22 (s, 3H), 5.13 (s, 3H).¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 183.6, 168.8, 165.3, 157.1, 155.7 (-COO-), 154.1, 138.0, 1367.0, 133.3, 133.0, 132.2, 130.2, 130.1, 129.4, 129.4, 129.3, 129.1, 129.0, 128.8, 128.8, 128.7, 128.7, 127.7, 127.4, 105.9, 95.3, 67.9, 67.1, 51.9, 36.9, 30.4, 30.2, 30.1, 29.9, 29.8, 29.6, 29.5; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 608.1581 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₃₄H₂₇NO₁₀ = 608.1562.

The 5,6-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-7-yl 2{[(tert-butoxy) carbonyl](methyl)amino}acetate (compound 5) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 40.6 %; m.p.: 218.0 °C, _[α]D20 = −7.28° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 12.98 (s, 1H, -OH of baicalin), 8.55 (s, 1H, C6-OH), 7.87 (d, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz), 7.52 (m, 3H), 6.64 (s, 2H, J = 16.5Hz), 4.13 (s, 2H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 9H, 3 × -CH₃ of Boc).¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 182.8, 167.1 (-COO-), 164.5, 158.2 (-COO-), 156.0, 155.3, 153.3, 132.1, 131.4, 129.2, 126.5, 122.0, 105.4, 105.3, 95.2, 82.4, 52.1, 37.33, 31.1, 29.8, 28.5; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 440.1355 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₂₃H₂₃NO₈ = 440.1351.

The 5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-6-yl 2-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-phenylpropanoate (compound 6) was obtained as a white powder, yield: 42.0%; m.p.: 155.2 °C, _[α]D20 = −6.02° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 13.18 (s, 1H, -OH), 9.69(s,1H), 8.00 (d, 3H, J = 7.0Hz), 7.59 (d, 5H, J = 7.5Hz), 7.33 (m, 3H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 4.70 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 9H, 3 × -CH₃ of Boc); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 183.6, 170.4 (-COO-), 165.2, 157.42, 157.23, 155.8 (-COO-), 154.2, 138.1, 132.9, 132.2, 130.4, 130.3, 130.1, 130.1, 129.3, 127.6, 127.4, 123.3, 105.9, 105.7, 95.4, 80.5, 56.3, 56.2, 38.1, 30.4, 30.2, 30.1, 29.9, 29.8, 29.6, 29.4, 28.7, 28.7, 28.6, 28.3; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 550.1505 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₃₂H₂₅NO₈ = 550.1507.

The 5,6-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-7-yl 2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-methyl-pentanoate (compound 7) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 43.1%; m.p.: 155.7 °C, _[α]D20 = −9.84° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 12.84 (s, 1H, -OH), 7.80 (d, 2H, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.46 (m, 4H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.68 (d, 1H, J = 7.0 Hz), 5.59 (s, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.50 (s, 1H), 4.43 (s, 1H), 2.09 (s, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 182.8, 169.32, 165.0, 156.2 (-COO-), 155.6, 153.4, 153.2, 148.4, 132.4, 130.6, 130.6, 129.2, 126.4, 126.4, 125.9, 109.3, 105.6,101.4, 80.6, 80.0, 80.0, 59.1, 58.1, 37.8, 37.0, 29.4, 29.3, 28.5, 28.4, 26.9, 25.4, 24.9, 22.8, 19.3, 19.2, 15.7, 15.6 11.8, 11.4; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 516.1663 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₂₉H₂₇NO₈ = 516.1664.

The 5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-6-yl 2-{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-phenyl-proppanpate (compound 8) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 36.6%; m.p.: 161.3 °C, _[α]D20 = −3.85° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 13.18 (s, 1H, -OH), 9.69(s, 1H), 8.06 (d, 3H, J = 7.0Hz), 7.59 (d, 4H, J = 7.5Hz), 7.33 (m, 3H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 4.70 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 9H); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, Acetone-d₆):δ (ppm) 183.6, 170.2 (-COO-), 165.3, 157.6, 157.2, 155.8 (-COO-), 154.2, 138.1, 137.9, 133.0, 132.2, 130.4, 130.2, 130.1, 129.4, 129.3, 128.8, 128.7, 127.7, 127.4, 123.4, 106.0, 105.9, 105.8, 95.5, 95.4, 67.2, 56.6, 56.5, 38.3, 30.4, 30.2, 30.1, 29.9, 29.8, 29.6, 29.5, 27.6; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 516.1665 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₂₉H₂₇NO₈ = 516.1644.

The 1-benzyl 5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-6-yl 3-{[(benzyloxy) carbonyl] amino} butanedioate (compound 9) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 37.4; m.p.: 100.7 °C, _[α]D20 = −3.48° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, Acetone): δ (ppm) 13.15 (s, 1H, -OH), 9.69(s, 1H), 8.07 (d, 3H, J = 8.0Hz), 7.36 (m, 15H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 5.19 (s, 3H), 5.15 (s, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, Acetone-d₆): δ (ppm) 185.5, 172.9, 171.6, 167.3, 167.2, 159.4, 159.0, 157.8, 156.1, 155.8 (-COO-), 139.8, 139.1, 134.9, 134.2, 132.1, 131.4, 131.3, 131.3, 131.0, 131.0, 130.9, 130.8, 130.8, 129.4, 129.2, 125.2, 108.0, 107.9, 107.8, 97.5, 97.4, 69.4, 69.3, 69.0, 53.8, 53.7, 53.5, 39.5, 39.3, 32.4, 32.2, 32.1, 31.9, 31.8, 31.6, 31.4; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 608.1563 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₃₄H₂₇NO₁₀ = 608.1562.

The 5,6-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-chroman-7-yl 2-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino}-3-methyl-pentanoate (compound 10) was obtained as white powder, with yield: 56.3%; m.p.: 165.2 °C, _[α]D20 = −20° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 7.87 (d, 2H, J = 7.0Hz), 7.52 (m, 4H), 6.65 (s, 1H, C3-H), 6.62 (s, 1H, C8-H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 4.18 (s, 1H),1.48 (s, 9H, 3 × -CH₃ of Boc), 1.20 (d, 3H, J = 6.5Hz), 1.02 (s, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 182.8, 170.6(-COO-), 164.5, 157.5 (-COO-), 155.99, 156.0, 155.2, 153.2, 132.0, 131.4, 129.2, 126.5, 122.0, 105.5, 105.4, 95.1, 82.1, 77.4, 77.2, 76.9, 59.4, 36.5, 28.5, 25.6, 15.4, 11.3;HRMS (ESI) m/z: 482.1834 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₂₆H₂₉NO₈ = 482.182.

The 1-tert-butyl 2-(5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-chroman-6-yl) pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (compound 11) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 23.5%; m.p.: 109.8 °C, _[α]D20 = −29.09° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 12.91 (s, 1H, -OH), 8.83(s,1H), 7.90 (d, 2H, J = 7.0Hz), 7.54 (m, 3H), 6.67 (1H, s, C3-H), 6.64 (1H, s, C8-H), 1.54 (s, 9H, 3 × -CH₃ of Boc); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 182.8, 170.0(-COO-), 164.4, 156.5, 156.2, 155.3, 153.3, 132.0, 131.5, 129.2, 126.5, 121.9, 105.5, 105.3, 95.1, 82.0, 59.1, 47.3, 30.3, 29.8, 28.6, 28.5, 28.2; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 466.1511 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₂₅H₂₅NO₈ = 446.1507.

The 5,6-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-7-yl 2,6-di{[(benzyloxy)carbonyl] amino} hexanoate (compound 12) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 7.8%; m.p.:144.9 °C, _[α]D20 = −3.20° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃):δ (ppm) 12.93 (s, 1H), 8.43(s,1H), 7.86 (s, 2H), 7.52 (m, 3H), 7.28 (m, 13H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 5.12 (m, 8H); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 182.8, 169.9, 164.5, 158.1, 157.3 (-COO-), 155.8, 155.2, 153.1, 136.6, 135.7, 132.1, 131.3, 131.1, 129.2, 129.0, 128.7, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 128.2, 128.2, 126.5, 122.0, 105.4, 105.4, 95.1, 68.0, 67.0, 65.7, 54.9, 39.8, 30.7, 30.1, 29.6, 27.1, 21.6, 19.3, 13.9; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 665.2134 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₃₇H₃₄N₂O₁₀ = 665.2141.

The 7-[(2-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl](methyl)amino}acetyl)oxy]-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-6-yl 2-{[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl](methyl)amino}acetate (compound 13) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 46.9%; m.p.:205.1 °C, _[α]D20 =−3.92° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃):δ (ppm) 12.97 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, 2H, J = 7.0Hz), 7.52 (m, 4H), 6.65 (s, 1H, C3-H), 6.61 (s, 1H, C8-H), 4.14 (s, 2H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 9H, 3 × -CH₃ of Boc); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 182.8, 167.1 (-COO-), 164.5, 158.2 (COO-), 156.0, 155.3, 153.3, 132.1, 131.4, 129.2, 126.5, 122.0, 105.4, 105.3, 95.2, 82.4, 52.1, 37.33, 31.1, 29.8, 28.5; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 611.2240 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₁₁ = 611.2246.

The 5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-6-yl 2-{[(tert-butoxy) carbonyl] amino} propanoate (compound 14) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 36.7%; m.p.: 196.7 °C, _[α]D20 = −29.91° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 13.13 (s, 1H, -OH), 9.56 (s, 1H, C6-OH), 8.08 (d, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz), 7.60 (d, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 4.52 (m, 1H), 1.59 (d, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.46 (s, 9H); ¹³C-NMR (101 MHz, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-d₆): δ (ppm) 205.4, 182.6, 182.5, 170.5 (-COO-), 164.4, 164.3, 156.7, 156.2, 154.9 153.2, 153.0, 132.0, 131.3, 129.1, 126.5, 105.3, 104.4, 94.4, 79.6, 49.6, 28.3, 27.7, 16.9; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 440.1355 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₂₃H₂₃NO₈ = 440.1351.

The 5,6-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-7-yl 2-{[(tert-butoxy) carbonyl] amino}-4-methyl-pentanoate (compound 15) was obtained as a white powder, with yield: 44.6%; m.p.: 199.3 °C, _[α]D20 = −17.54° (c 1, MeOH); ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 12.89 (s, 1H),8.37(s,1H), 7.87 (d, 2H, J = 7.0Hz), 7.52 (m, 3H), 6.65 (s, 1H, C3-H), 6.62 (s, 1H, C8-H), 1.48 (s, 9H, 3 × -CH₃ of Boc), 1.05 (s, 3H), 1.01 (s, 3H); ¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃): δ (ppm) 182.8, 170.6 (-COO-), 164.5, 157.5 (-COO-), 156.0, 155.2, 153.2, 132.0, 131.4, 129.2, 126.5, 122.0, 105.5, 105.4, 95.1, 82.1, 77.4, 77.2, 76.9, 53.4, 40.0, 29.8, 28.5, 24.9, 22.7, 22.4; HRMS (ESI) m/z: 482.1822 [M − H]⁺, calculated for C₂₆H₂₉NO₈ = 482.182.

3.2. Bio-Evaluation Methods

3.2.1. Cell Culture

The SH-SY5Y (liver neurons) and H9C2 (human cardiac myocytes) cell lines were obtained from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. All of the cell lines were grown in dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin (Thermo Technologies, New York, NY, USA), under a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂ at 37 °C. The baicalein derivatives were dissolved in DMSO (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and added at various concentrations to the cell culture.

3.2.2. Protective Effect on Injured SH-SY5Y Cells

The protective effect of these compounds was evaluated on SH-SY5Y and H9C2 cell lines via the MTT method. The cells growing in the logarithmic phase were cultured in 96-well plates at a density 3 × 10³ cells/well and incubated for 24 h. Then each well was treated with the required concentrations (50 µM concentrations, 25 µM concentrations, 12.5µM concentrations, 6.25 µM concentrations, and 3.125 µM concentrations) of baicalein derivatives, and incubated 36 h at 37 °C with 5% CO₂. After that, the cells were induced by H₂O₂ (final concentration, 200 mM) for 12 h. Control-differentiated cells were injected with new growth media at equal amounts. Before 20 mL MTT solution (5 mg/mL) was added to each well, the cell culture fluid was discarded, and 100 mL fresh cell culture fluid was added. The plate was incubated for a further 4 h at 37 °C. The cell supernatant medium was removed carefully, without disturbing the attached cells, and formazan crystals were solubilized by adding 150 μL DMSO into each well. The absorbance was measured at 490 nm with a plate reader (BIORAD 550 spectrophotometer, Bio-rad Life Science Development Ltd., Beijing, China). H₂O₂ was dissolved in DMEM medium. Wells without drugs were used as blanks. The EC₅₀ values were defined as the concentrations that causes the maximum effect of 50%; IC₅₀ values were defined as the concentration of compound which gives 50% growth inhibition, and were calculated using the GraphPad Prism 5. The proliferation rates of damaged SH-SY5Y cells were calculated in the following formula (1):

[OD₄₉₀ (compound) − OD₄₉₀ (CoCl₂)]/[OD₄₉₀ (NGF) − OD₄₉₀ (CoCl₂)] × 100%

The EC₅₀ values were using the equation

−pEC₅₀ = log C_max − log 2 × (ΣP − 0.75 + 0.25P_max + 0.25P_min)

where C_max is the maximum concentration, ΣP is the sum of proliferation rates, P_max is the maximum value of the proliferation rate, and P_min is the minimum value of the proliferation rate. Cell viability was expressed as a percentage of the control.

The inhibition rate was calculated in the following equation:

% inhibition = 1 − (Sample group OD/Control group OD) × 100%

3.2.3. Giemsa Staining

SH-SY5Y cells in the logarithmic growth phase were seeded in 12-well plates (1.2 × 10⁴ cells/well). After incubation for 24 h at 37 °C with 5% CO₂, various concentrations (0, 2, 4, or 6 μM concentrations) of compound 8 were added to the cultures, and the plate was incubated for a further 72 h. Then, we discarded the cell culture fluid, washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and fixed the cells with cold methanol. The SH-SY5Y cells were stained with 6% Giemsa solution for 5 min, washed with water, and dried. The cell morphological changes were observed under an inverted microscope.

3.2.4. DAPI Staining

SH-SY5Y cells in logarithmic growth phase were seeded in 12-well plates (2.4 × 10⁴ cells/well). After incubation for 24 h at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂, various concentrations of compound 8 was added to the cultures, and the plate was incubated for further 72 h. After discarding the cell culture medium, washing twice with PBS, and fixing with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, 1 mg/mL, Molecular Probes/Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), staining was performed for 5 min in the dark, and nuclear fragments were observed under fluorescence microscope.

3.2.5. Angiogenesis Assay

Fertilized White Leghorn chicken eggs (50–65 g), provided by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, were placed in an incubator as soon as embryogenesis started, and were kept under constant humidity of 65% at 37 °C. Here, we present a method for the angiogenesis in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), based on the implantation of a gelatin sponge on the top of the growing CAM on day 7 of development. On day 7, under sterile conditions, a square window was opened on the shell, and physiological saline (0.1 mL) was injected in to detach the shell membrane. Gelatin sponges were implanted, respectively. Moreover, 1 mm sterilized gelatin sponges carrying the compound 8 dissolved in saline at 1 and 4 mg/mL were implanted on the smaller vessel part of the CAM. The window was sealed with sterile adhesive, and the eggs were returned to the incubator for a further 48 h. Then, the tapes were removed, and the entire CAM was detached after tissue fixation with methanol/acetone (1:1, v/v). We use computer-assisted tracking of images to obtain absolute values for the number of microvessels. Quantitative evaluation of the angiogenic response, expressed as microvessel density, can be obtained by applying a morphometric method of “point counting” on histological CAM sections. Data was analyzed using a t-test of the statistics analysis system; the values were expressed as mean ± SD of six observations, and p < 0.05 was considered significant.

3.3. Statistical Analysis

All data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three replications. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software (Version 20.0) to analyze the variance. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was followed by the least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

4. Conclusions

In this study, 15 novel baicalein derivatives have been designed and synthesized by attaching different amino acids. All of them were characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and HRMS (Figure S6), and tested for biological activities against SH-SY5Y and H9C2 cells, as well as a CAM model. The results indicate that most of the synthesized baicalein amino acid derivatives were more potent than the positive drugs baicalein, and were equivalent to the positive drug edaravone. Among them, compound 8 exhibited significant neuroprotective activity on the SH-SY5Y cell line (EC₅₀ = 4.31 μM) and lower toxicity on the H9C2 cell line. The detection of apoptosis and cell cycle analysis indicates that compound 8 could protect injured SH-SY5Y cells from nuclear fragmentation and effectively protect nerves. Furthermore, the CAM test revealed that compound 8 also had the ability to promote angiogenesis effectively. The experimental results show that free radical formed by dehydrogenation of 6-OH is most stable, and the hydrogen can be easily replaced. Cbz-protected baicalein amino acid derivatives showed better neuroprotective activity than boc-protected baicalein amino acid derivatives. Our current findings provided a meaningful reference for further research on vascular protection mechanisms of baicalein derivatives.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online. Figure S6: 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HR-MS spectra of compound 1-15.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, X.J. and M.J.; Data curation, Y.Y., D.W., F.Z., W.Z., and H.R.; formal analysis, X.J., X.H., W.G., and D.C.; methodology, H.C., J.Q., and S.Z.; project administration, B.X., T.M., P.W., and H.L.; writing-original draft, X.J.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81603256), project of China Association of Chinese Medicine (CACM-2018-QNRC2-B08), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (BUCM-2019-JCRC002, BUCM-2018-2020, and 2019-JYB-TD005), and the Beijing Key Laboratory for Basic and Development Research on Chinese Medicine (Beijing, 100102).

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing Institute of Technology, and Capital Normal University.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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