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© 2019. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

[...]ERK-5 does belong to the MAPK group. [...]the atypical forms of ERK are ERK-3, -4, [2] as well as ERK-7 [3] and NF-κB essential modulator (Nemo)-kinase-1 [4], defined as atypical on the basis of being phosphorylated by members of the upstream MAP kinase kinases, (MAPKK/MEK) [5], as is ERK1/2, whereas ERK-5 was shown to be activated by MEK5 [5]. [...]the translocation of p-ERK1/2 to the nucleus is the mechanism whereby several transcription factors (TFs), shown in Figure 1 including Ets, c-Jun, Fos, ELK, HIF-1, STAT3, and CREB, are activated. TFs activate genes that control cell proliferation growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. [...]providing STAT3 as a site for phosphorylation in the cytoplasm is another important function of activated ERK1/2 in the nucleus [42]. Once p-ERK1/2 is translocated to the nucleus, several phosphatases can further regulate the activity of p-ERK1/2 [43]. [...]PAC-1, also called (DUSP2), is an inducible, nuclear-specific, dual-specificity MAPK phosphatase.

Details

Title
Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase: A Regulator of Cell Growth, Inflammation, Chondrocyte and Bone Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Expression
Author
Lu, Nathan; Malemud, Charles J
Publication year
2019
Publication date
2019
Publisher
MDPI AG
ISSN
16616596
e-ISSN
14220067
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2333650124
Copyright
© 2019. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.