Reclamation of hexavalent chromium using catalytic activity of highly recyclable biogenic Pd(0) nanoparticles

Abstract

Hexavalent chromium is extremely toxic and increasingly prevalent owing to industrialisation, thereby posing serious human health and environmental risks. Therefore, new approaches for detoxifying high concentrations of Cr (VI) using an ultralow amount of catalyst with high recyclability are increasingly being considered. The catalytic conversion of Cr (VI) into Cr (III) was previously reported; however, it required a large amount of catalyst to reduce a low concentration of Cr (VI); further, pH adjustment and catalyst separation had to be performed, causing issues with large-scale remediation. In this study, an unprecedented eco-friendly and cost-effective method was developed for the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) with a significantly narrow size distribution of 3–25 nm. PdNPs demonstrated the presence of elemental Pd with the zero oxidation state when analysed by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The PdNPs could detoxify a high concentration of Cr (VI), without the need to adjust the pH or purify the nanoparticles for reusability. The reusability of the PdNPs for the catalytic conversion of Cr (VI) into Cr (III) was >90% for subsequent cycles without the further addition of formic acid. Thus, the study provides new insights into the catalytic reclamation of Cr (VI) for industrial wastewater treatment.