Abstract

Physical activity has been associated with lower risks of breast and colorectal cancer in epidemiological studies; however, it is unknown if these associations are causal or confounded. In two-sample Mendelian randomisation analyses, using summary genetic data from the UK Biobank and GWA consortia, we found that a one standard deviation increment in average acceleration was associated with lower risks of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR]: 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27 to 0.98, P-value = 0.04) and colorectal cancer (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.90, P-value = 0.01). We found similar magnitude inverse associations for estrogen positive (ER+ve) breast cancer and for colon cancer. Our results support a potentially causal relationship between higher physical activity levels and lower risks of breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Based on these data, the promotion of physical activity is probably an effective strategy in the primary prevention of these commonly diagnosed cancers.

Physical activity has been linked to lower risks of colorectal and breast cancer. Here, the authors present a Mendelian randomisation analysis supporting a potentially causal relationship between higher physical activity levels and lower risks of breast cancer and colorectal cancer.

Details

Title
Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomisation analysis
Author
Papadimitriou Nikos 1 ; Dimou Niki 1 ; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Banbury, Barbara 3 ; Martin, Richard M 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Lewis, Sarah J 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Kazmi Nabila 6 ; Robinson, Timothy M 5 ; Albanes Demetrius 7 ; Aleksandrova Krasimira 8 ; Berndt, Sonja I 7 ; Timothy Bishop D 9   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Brenner, Hermann 10 ; Buchanan, Daniel D 11   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas 12 ; Campbell, Peter T 13 ; Castellví-Bel Sergi 14 ; Chan, Andrew T 15   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Chang-Claude, Jenny 16 ; Ellingjord-Dale Merete 17 ; Figueiredo, Jane C 18 ; Gallinger, Steven J 19 ; Giles, Graham G 20   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Giovannucci, Edward 21 ; Gruber, Stephen B 22 ; Gsur Andrea 23   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hampe Jochen 24   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hampel, Heather 25   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Harlid Sophia 26   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Harrison, Tabitha A 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hoffmeister, Michael 27 ; Hopper, John L 28 ; Hsu, Li 29 ; María Huerta José 30   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Huyghe, Jeroen R 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Jenkins, Mark A 31   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Keku, Temitope O 32 ; Kühn Tilman 33 ; La Vecchia Carlo 34   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Le Marchand Loic 35 ; Li, Christopher I 3 ; Li, Li 36 ; Lindblom Annika 37 ; Lindor Noralane M 38 ; Lynch, Brigid 39 ; Markowitz, Sanford D 40 ; Masala Giovanna 41   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; May, Anne M 42 ; Milne, Roger 43   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Monninkhof Evelyn 44 ; Moreno, Lorena 14 ; Moreno, Victor 45   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Newcomb, Polly A 46   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Offit, Kenneth 47 ; Perduca Vittorio 48   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Pharoah Paul D P 49   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Platz, Elizabeth A 50 ; Potter, John D 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Rennert Gad 51   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Riboli Elio 17 ; Maria-Jose, Sánchez 52 ; Schmit, Stephanie L 53   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Schoen, Robert E 54   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Severi Gianluca 55 ; Sieri Sabina 56 ; Slattery, Martha L 57 ; Song Mingyang 58 ; Tangen, Catherine M 59 ; Thibodeau, Stephen N 60 ; Travis, Ruth C 61 ; Trichopoulou Antonia 62 ; Ulrich, Cornelia M 63 ; van Duijnhoven Franzel J B 64 ; Bethany, Van Guelpen 65   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Vodicka Pavel 66 ; White, Emily 67 ; Wolk Alicja 68   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Woods, Michael O 69 ; Wu, Anna H 70 ; Peters, Ulrike 67   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Gunter, Marc J 1 ; Murphy, Neil 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, Lyon, France (GRID:grid.17703.32) (ISNI:0000000405980095) 
 University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ioannina, Greece (GRID:grid.9594.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2108 7481); Imperial College London, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, London, UK (GRID:grid.7445.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 8111) 
 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.270240.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 1622) 
 Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol, UK (GRID:grid.5337.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7603); University of Bristol, Bristol Medical School, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol, UK (GRID:grid.5337.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7603); University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK (GRID:grid.410421.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 0380 7336) 
 University of Bristol, Bristol Medical School, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol, UK (GRID:grid.5337.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7603) 
 Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Population Health Sciences, Bristol, UK (GRID:grid.5337.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7603) 
 National Institutes of Health, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA (GRID:grid.94365.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2297 5165) 
 Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany (GRID:grid.94365.3d) 
 University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK (GRID:grid.9909.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8403) 
10  German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7497.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0584); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Division of Preventive Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7497.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0584); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7497.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0584) 
11  The University of Melbourne, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.1008.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 088X); The University of Melbourne, Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Parkville, Australia (GRID:grid.1008.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 088X); The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Genetic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Parkville, Australia (GRID:grid.416153.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0624 1200) 
12  National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, Former senior scientist, Dept. for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), Bilthoven, Netherlands (GRID:grid.31147.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2208 0118); University Medical Centre, Former associate professor, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Utrecht, Netherlands (GRID:grid.7692.a) (ISNI:0000000090126352); The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London, Former visiting professor, Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, London, UK (GRID:grid.7445.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 8111); University of Malaya, Pantai Valley, Former academic Icon / visiting professor, Dept. of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.10347.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 5949) 
13  American Cancer Society, Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, Atlanta, USA (GRID:grid.422418.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0371 6485) 
14  University of Barcelona, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.5841.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0247) 
15  Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.32224.35) (ISNI:0000 0004 0386 9924); Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.32224.35) (ISNI:0000 0004 0386 9924) 
16  German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7497.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0584); University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, University Cancer Centre Hamburg (UCCH), Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.13648.38) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 3484) 
17  Imperial College London, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, London, UK (GRID:grid.7445.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 8111) 
18  Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.50956.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2152 9905); University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.42505.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 6853) 
19  University of Toronto, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (GRID:grid.17063.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 2938) 
20  The University of Melbourne, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.1008.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 088X); Cancer Council Victoria, Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.3263.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1482 3639) 
21  Harvard University, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:000000041936754X); T.H. H, Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.189504.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7558); Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.62560.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0378 8294) 
22  University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.42505.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 6853) 
23  Medical University Vienna, Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Vienna, Austria (GRID:grid.22937.3d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9259 8492) 
24  University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden (TU Dresden), Department of Medicine I, Dresden, Germany (GRID:grid.22937.3d) 
25  The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, USA (GRID:grid.261331.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2285 7943) 
26  Oncology, Umea University, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umea, Sweden (GRID:grid.12650.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 1034 3451) 
27  German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7497.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0584) 
28  The University of Melbourne, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.1008.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 088X); Seoul National University, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul, South Korea (GRID:grid.31501.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 5905) 
29  Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.270240.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 1622); University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657) 
30  CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Department of Epidemiology, Murcia, Spain (GRID:grid.452553.0) 
31  The University of Melbourne, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.1008.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 088X) 
32  University of North Carolina, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Chapel Hill, USA (GRID:grid.410711.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1034 1720) 
33  German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7497.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0584) 
34  Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (GRID:grid.424637.0); Università degli Studi di Milano, Dept. of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milano, Italy (GRID:grid.4708.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2822) 
35  University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, USA (GRID:grid.410445.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 0957) 
36  University of Virginia, Department of Family Medicine, Charlottesville, USA (GRID:grid.27755.32) (ISNI:0000 0000 9136 933X) 
37  Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.24381.3c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9241 5705); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.4714.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0626) 
38  Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Science Research, Scottsdale, USA (GRID:grid.417468.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 8875 6339) 
39  The University of Melbourne, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.1008.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 088X); Cancer Council Victoria, Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.3263.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1482 3639); Physical Activity Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.1051.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9760 5620) 
40  Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, USA (GRID:grid.67105.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2164 3847) 
41  Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Florence, Italy (GRID:grid.67105.35) 
42  University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 85500, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UTRECHT, Netherlands (GRID:grid.67105.35) 
43  The University of Melbourne, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.1008.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 088X); Cancer Council Victoria, Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.3263.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1482 3639); The University of Melbourne, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Parkville, Australia (GRID:grid.1008.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 088X) 
44  University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 85500, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UTRECHT, Netherlands (GRID:grid.1008.9) 
45  CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.417656.7); University of Barcelona, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.5841.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0247) 
46  Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.270240.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 1622); University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657) 
47  Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, New York, USA (GRID:grid.51462.34) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9952); Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, New York, USA (GRID:grid.5386.8) (ISNI:000000041936877X) 
48  CESP, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de médecine - UVSQ I, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (GRID:grid.463845.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0638 6872); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (GRID:grid.14925.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9388); Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées MAP5 (UMR CNRS 8145), Paris, France (GRID:grid.10992.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 0914) 
49  University of Cambridge, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge, UK (GRID:grid.5335.0) (ISNI:0000000121885934) 
50  Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311) 
51  Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Haifa, Israel (GRID:grid.413469.d); Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel (GRID:grid.6451.6) (ISNI:0000000121102151); Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel (GRID:grid.6451.6) 
52  CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Granada, Andalusian School of Public Health, Biomedical Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain (GRID:grid.4489.1) (ISNI:0000000121678994) 
53  University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.42505.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 6853); H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Tampa, USA (GRID:grid.468198.a) (ISNI:0000 0000 9891 5233) 
54  University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, USA (GRID:grid.412689.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0650 7433) 
55  CESP, Fac. de médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de médecine - UVSQ I, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France (GRID:grid.463845.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0638 6872); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (GRID:grid.14925.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9388) 
56  Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.417893.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0807 2568) 
57  University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA (GRID:grid.223827.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2193 0096) 
58  Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.32224.35) (ISNI:0000 0004 0386 9924); Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.32224.35) (ISNI:0000 0004 0386 9924); Harvard University, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:000000041936754X); T.H. H, Chan School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.189504.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7558) 
59  Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, SWOG Statistical Center, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.270240.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 1622) 
60  Mayo Clinic, Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, USA (GRID:grid.66875.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0459 167X) 
61  University of Oxford, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford, UK (GRID:grid.4991.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8948) 
62  Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece (GRID:grid.424637.0) 
63  University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, USA (GRID:grid.223827.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2193 0096) 
64  Wageningen University and Research, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands (GRID:grid.4818.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0791 5666) 
65  Umeå University, Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology Unit, Umeå, Sweden (GRID:grid.12650.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 1034 3451); Umeå University, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå, Sweden (GRID:grid.12650.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 1034 3451) 
66  Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Prague, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.424967.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0404 6946); Charles University, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.4491.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 116X); Charles University, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.4491.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 116X) 
67  Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.270240.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 1622); University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657) 
68  Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.4714.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0626) 
69  Discipline of Genetics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada (GRID:grid.4714.6) 
70  University of Southern California, Preventative Medicine, Los Angeles, USA (GRID:grid.42505.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 6853) 
Publication year
2020
Publication date
2020
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
e-ISSN
20411723
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2348775887
Copyright
This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.