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Abstract
Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is highly effective in foxes and raccoon dogs, whereas for unknown reasons the efficacy of ORV in other reservoir species is less pronounced. To investigate possible variations in species-specific cell tropism and local replication of vaccine virus, different reservoir species including foxes, raccoon dogs, raccoons, mongooses, dogs and skunks were orally immunised with a highly attenuated, high-titred GFP-expressing rabies virus (RABV). Immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR screenings revealed clear differences among species suggesting host specific limitations to ORV. While for responsive species the palatine tonsils (tonsilla palatina) were identified as a main site of virus replication, less virus dissemination was observed in the tonsils of rather refractory species. While our comparison of vaccine virus tropism emphasizes the important role that the tonsilla palatina plays in eliciting an immune response to ORV, our data also indicate that other lymphoid tissues may have a more important role than originally anticipated. Overall, these data support a model in which the susceptibility to oral live RABV vaccine infection of lymphatic tissue is a major determinant in vaccination efficacy. The present results may help to direct future research for improving vaccine uptake and efficacy of oral rabies vaccines under field conditions.
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1 Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (GRID:grid.417834.d); Thescon GmbH, Coesfeld, Germany (GRID:grid.417834.d)
2 Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (GRID:grid.417834.d)
3 Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany (GRID:grid.417834.d)
4 Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (GRID:grid.417834.d); BioNTech IMFS GmbH, Idar-Oberstein, Germany (GRID:grid.417834.d)
5 Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (GRID:grid.417834.d); Thüringer Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz, Bad Langensalza, Germany (GRID:grid.417834.d)
6 Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (GRID:grid.417834.d); Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.9647.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2230 9752)
7 Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (GRID:grid.417834.d); ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria (GRID:grid.417834.d)