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Abstract
Chronic migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by 15 or more headache days per month of which at least 8 days show typical migraine features. The process that describes the development from episodic migraine into chronic migraine is commonly referred to as migraine transformation or chronification. Ample studies have attempted to identify factors associated with migraine transformation from different perspectives. Understanding CM as a pathological brain state with trigeminovascular participation where biological changes occur, we have completed a comprehensive review on the clinical, epidemiological, genetic, molecular, structural, functional, physiological and preclinical evidence available.
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1 Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Headache and Craniofacial Pain Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.430994.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1763 0287)
2 Bambino Gesu’ Children’s Hospital, Headache Center, Child Neurology Unit, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.414125.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 0727 6809)
3 University Hospital of Padua, Juvenile Headache Centre, Department of Woman’s and Child’s Health, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.411474.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1760 2630)
4 University of Rome, Department of Internal medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a)
5 Erasmus University Medical Center, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5645.2) (ISNI:000000040459992X)
6 Policlinico Paolo Giaccone Hospital, University of Palermo, Department of Biomedicine Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Palermo, Italy (GRID:grid.10776.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 5517)
7 Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Headache and Craniofacial Pain Unit, Neurology Department, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.411068.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0671 5785)
8 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa & Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5515.4) (ISNI:0000000119578126)
9 The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine of EMERCOM of Russia, Department of Clinical Neurology and Sleep Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia (GRID:grid.5515.4)
10 Grevena General Hospital, Grevena, Greece (GRID:grid.5515.4)
11 University of Bern, Switzerland University Hospital of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5734.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0726 5157)
12 Medical center “New Medical Technologies”, Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Voronezh, Russia (GRID:grid.5734.5)
13 Universitary Hospital of Donostia, Department of Neurology, San Sebastian, Spain (GRID:grid.414651.3); Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Neurology, Pamplona, Spain (GRID:grid.411730.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2191 685X); Hospital Quironsalud Donostia, Department of Neurology, San Sebastian, Spain (GRID:grid.411730.0)
14 University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium (GRID:grid.410569.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0626 3338)
15 State Institution “Dnipropetrovsk medical akademy MOH Ukraine”, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dnipro, Ukraine (GRID:grid.410569.f)
16 Ghent University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ghent, Belgium (GRID:grid.410566.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0626 3303)
17 Erasmus University Medical Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5645.2) (ISNI:000000040459992X)
18 Ordensklinikum Linz Barmherzige Schwestern, Headache Medical Center Linz, Linz, Austria (GRID:grid.5645.2)