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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of humans and swine consist of a wide range of bacteria which interact with hosts metabolism. Due to the differences in co-evolution and co-adaptation, a large fraction of the gut microbiome is host-specific. In this study, we evaluated the effect of close human-animal interaction to the faecal metagenome and metabonome of swine, farmer and human control. Three distinct clusters were observed based on T-RFLP-derived faecal microbial composition. However, 16S-inferred faecal microbiota and metabolic profiles showed that only human control was significantly different from the swine (P < 0.05). The metabonome of farmers and human controls were highly similar. Notably, higher trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and butyrate were detected in human control and swine, respectively. The relative abundance of TMAO was positively correlated with Prevotella copri. Overall, we compared and established the relationship between the metabolites and microbiota composition of swine, farmers and human control. Based on the data obtained, we deduced that long term occupational exposure to swine and farm environment had affected the gut bacterial composition of farmers. Nonetheless, the effect was less prominent in the metabolite profiles, suggesting the gut bacteria expressed high functional plasticity and are therefore resilience to the level of community shift detected.
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1 University of Malaya, Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.10347.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 5949)
2 Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, School of Pharmacy, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia (GRID:grid.440425.3); International Medical University, Centre for Translational Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.411729.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 8946 5787)
3 Sarawak Research and Development Council, 11th Floor LCDA Tower, The Isthmus, Off Jalan Bako, Kuching, Malaysia (GRID:grid.411729.8)
4 University of Malaya, NANOCAT Research Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.10347.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 5949)
5 University of Malaya, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (GRID:grid.10347.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 5949)