1. Introduction
In the current applications of cellular devices, there is a great demand for incorporating 5G networks as a replacement for the 4G type. Generally, the Machine to Machine (M2M), Device to Device (D2D), massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) and mobile phone technologies improve instantly [1]. The 5G solution provides the means to satisfy advanced networking in terms of high bandwidth capacity, traffic rate, availability and connectivity [2]. The enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) is an extension of the mobile broadband telecommunication standards. It provides multiple connectivity (e.g., hotspot or wide-area coverage) with high data rates of services and multimedia data. Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) are used for machine-type communications and provide better latency and reliability. Its applications include distribution automation in smart grids, industrial manufacturing and remotely driven vehicles. The mMTC provides massive connectivity with a low amount of traffic and possible delays. Its applications include Internet of Things (IoT) systems [1]. These three communication approaches manifest the dimensions of features in the 5G network, as shown in Figure 1.
The communications standards of the waveform networks advancement entail different structures, modulation symbol formats and/or sizes [3]. Some examples are Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and the advanced Cyclic Prefix–OFDM (CP-OFDM). The CP-OFDM has been commercially deployed in 4G as a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology [4]. However, in LTE, CP-OFDM failed to support the demands of different numerologies and communication scenarios. There are a few other multiplexing types, such as Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) [5], non-orthogonal multiple access [6], Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) [7,8,9], filtered OFDM (f-OFDM) [10], and Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC), which is also called universal filtered OFDM (UF-OFDM) [11]. The UFMC is considered as the most suitable waveform for 5G technology [12].
The main defect of multicarrier modulation schemes is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) due to the coherence of subcarriers in the time-domain [13]. High PAPR drives the power amplifier to the non-linearity region [12,13], which leads to Out of Band (OOB) emission, In-Band (IB) distortions and long word length. The long word length is an essential problem in the digital to analogue converter, which dramatically reduces battery life. Various solutions are proposed to reduce the PAPR in the waveform. Amplitude clipping is the simplest non-linear time-domain located method. The amplitude clipping reduces the OOB emission and IB distortion but increases the BER [14,15]. Companding is another time-domain-located method that reduces PAPR. It compresses the large peaks and enlarges the small peaks of the signal but increases the BER too [16,17,18].
On the other hand, frequency-domain methods such as Tone Reservation (TR) and Tone Injection (TI) support PAPR reduction [19,20,21]. However, TR and TI consume high power and processing time to find the optimum cancellation tones. A Multiple Signal Representation (MSR) is another frequency-domain method that solves the PAPR problem. The MSR is a probabilistic method that generates and transmits multiple copies of original data vectors, which reduce the PAPR but increases the BER [22].
Partial Transmit Sequences (PTS) [23] and Selected Mapping (SLM) [24] are two methods that belong to both time-and frequency-domains and assist in PAPR reduction. They use a statistical mechanism that avoids increasing the BER. However, the PTS needs more side information than the SLM, which decrease the capacity of the transmitted data and causes data rate reduction. Hence, the SLM is extensively integrated with different waveforms [16]. For example, Figure 2 shows the SLM and CP-OFDM integration in which multiple copies or branch of the original data are generated. Each copy is multiplied by the corresponding phase rotation vector, p^ (1, 2, …). In Figure 2, the fast version Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) is used to transform between frequency-and time-domains. The branch with minimum PAPR is adopted for transmission along with the needed side information. This side information is a strongly protected small number of binary bits that guarantee correct data recovery at the receiving end [25,26]. However, side information protection and transmitting are not within the scope of this work.
On the other hand, because of the computational complexity of the SLM, different modified versions of SLM are suggested [27,28,29]. The aim of modifying the SLM method is to reduce the computational complexity, while keeping the probabilistic nature, i.e., less BER degradation. Generally, the modification either degrades the BER performance or the PAPR performance, thus, there is a trade-off between the computational complexity, the PAPR and the BER degradation. For instance, Jeon et al. [27] built the SLM scheme in the time-domain of the OFDM waveform and add the rotating sets to the signals. The version of SLM show low complexity results and improve the BER, however the PAPR is increased significantly. According to the periodic properties of the IFFT transform, it is possible to generate conversion matrices in the time-domain, such that the time-domain OFDM signal is multiplied by these conversion matrices to reduce the computational complexity. The drawback point of this approach is limiting the transformed data rate (i.e., the BER), which leads to an increase in the transmission cycle and energy consumption [30]. Hu et al., [31] implemented the chaos phase rotation vectors (CPRV) in the conventional SLM method. The method reduces the PAPR but increases the computational complexity [32]. Contrarily, the work of Wang and Akansu [33], reduces the computational complexity but increases the PAPR. Furthermore, the work of Wang et al. [34] shows that translating the SLM operations from the frequency-domain side to the time-domain side can be a key aspect to reducing the computational complexity. In Hu et al., [35] multiple candidates are generated in the time-domain using conversion matrices and IFFT properties. The computational complexity is reduced by around 50% at the expense of PAPR reduction gain degradation and BER performance degradation.
The candidate multiplexing systems have a different structure to the traditional CP-OFDM systems. Thus, distinct versions of SLM for this type are shown in the literature, such as over-lapp-SLM (OSLM) [20], dispersive SLM [36], and Trellis-SLM [37]. However, these versions are all suggested for the FBMC. Furthermore, tone-reservation-based SLM [38] and windowed SLM [39] are proposed for the FBMC and reduce the PAPR. To the best of our knowledge, SLM for the UFMC waveform has not been proposed and evaluated. This study indicates that SLM has better spectral efficiency and can be used to reduce the Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI), which is symmetrical with the improvement of the UFMC signals.
The UFMC system is one of the new candidate waveforms for 5G systems. UFMC is expected to achieve low latency, robustness against frequency offset, and reduce out-of-band (OoB) radiation, which leads to higher spectral efficiency. Although the UFMC system offers many advantages, as mentioned before, being a multicarrier transmission technology, it suffers from high PAPR [8]. Hence, in this paper, the SLM is proposed to be integrated with the UFMC signals. Consequently, the mathematical model of the SLM-UFMC method is presented and the PAPR, BER and computational complexity are evaluated. The Cubic Metric (CM) is used to estimate the method performance concerning the nonlinearity of the high-power amplifier. The CM is used by [40,41,42,43,44] to find the effect of the power amplifier on the signal.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The methods and materials are presented in Section 2. The mathematical models for the proposed method SLM-UFMC are presented in Section 3. The results and discussion are presented in Section 4. Finally, the research conclusion and future work are presented in Section 5.
2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Simulation Model and Parameters
The experimental tests of the simulation aim to improve the 5G performance by decreasing the PAPR and BER. The SLM-UFMC is proposed to find the optimum wave with the lowest PAPR and CM levels. Afterwards, three existing waveforms are tested via simulation program and the results are compared with the SLM-UFMC. Figure 3 represents the main steps that are used to implement the simulation of the SLM-UFMC and the other waveforms. The simulation model consists of five main modules. Firstly, the 5G environment Module A is employed to create simulation environments. This module integrates the main characteristics of 5G, such as data rate, packet size and a number of devices. Module B represents the implementation of the SLM-UFMC model and the existing UFMC [11] and SLM-CP-OFDM [20] models. In this module, several windows have been included to address the progress of the solutions. In Module C, different numbers of QAMs (e.g., four, eight, 16, 64, 256) are employed to generate testing scenarios with various states to comprehensively assess the performance of the proposed model compared with the tested waveforms. The scenarios are altered in each set of runs of a particular waveform. In Module D, the performance metrics of CCDF and BER are implemented to evaluate the SLM-UFMC, SLM-CP-OFDM, and conventional UFMC. Finally, Module E depicts the results and visualization graphs in a windows form.
2.2. The Evaluation Metric
Complementary Cumulative Distributive Function (CCDF) denotes the probability that the PAPR of a data block exceeds a given threshold (PAPR0) [45] and is expressed as follows
CCDF[PAPR(xn)]=prob(PAPR(xn)>PAPR0
The Bit Error Rate (BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval [45]. It is often expressed as a percentage and it has no measurement unit.
BER=NErrNbits
3. Mathematical Models 3.1. UFMC System Model
In 5G, UFMC is a novel multicarrier modulation of QAM type that represents an alternative to the OFDM and FBMC waveforms. Unlike self-subcarrier modulation in FBMC, a group of subcarrier modulation is performed in UFMC. The subcarrier grouping reduces the length of the filter compared with FBMC and also reduces the performance time. Starting from the traditional OFDM system, UFMC can be considered as a generalized version of the OFDM. Let the OFDM be formulated based on Equation (3)
x(k)=1N∑n=0N−1X(n)ej2πnkN
where x is the OFDM signals that represent an IDFT of size N; k stands for the time index; n represents the frequency-domain index; X set is generated based on quadrature multi-level amplitude modulation (M-QAM) mapping. The X set contains Identically Independent Distributed (IID) random variables. The summation in Equation (1) is either constructive or destructive. Thus, the coherence summation of data will result in a large peak compared with the average, which is called the peak to average power ratio. The CP-OFDM (i.e., cyclic-prefix free) that is adopted in LTE can be formed by adding the filter to the whole band, as in Equation (1). Executing the filter in Equation (4) gives the CP-OFDM
x=W·X
where W is the IDFT matrix of size N × N, where N is the number of subcarriers. Subsequently, we formed Equation (5)
x=F·W·X
whereFstands for the Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter toeplitz matrix, which achieves the convolution operation over the band ofN. If the whole band subdivided to R sub-bands, then, the UFMC system can be expressed as Equation (6)
x=∑r=1RFr·Wr·Xr
In Equation (6), the M-QAM symbols entries of Xr are first converted to the time-domain according to the corresponding column of IDFT matrix Wr which corresponds to the specified sub-band r within the frequency band. Fr is the corresponding sub-band filter. Figure 4 depicts the complete UFMC system that is derived from Equation (6). In the receiver end, the process starts at the zero-padding to achieve the two times up-sampling. Then, conducting the 2N-DFT, the subcarriers (down-sampling) of a juncture are selected, until the M-QAM de-mapping is implemented to collect the received data, as shown in Figure 4. The next section illustrates the integration of the selected mapping method with the UFMC waveform.
Based on Figure 4, the filtering operation has a block-wise form of Physical Resource Block (PRB) to facilitate the flexibility of the design. The filter length has an essential role in the design of the system in which the filter length, P ≫ 1 and X contain one M-QAM symbol. As long as the filter length in the frequency-domain is long, the time-domain tail is going to be shorter (i.e., in the order of cyclic prefix length of the traditional CP-OFDM), which enables the network to support Transmits Short Messages (TSM). Additionally, the elimination of the sidelobes is conducted at the ends of the sub-bands not between the subcarriers, as in the case of the FBMC signal structure. The ramping up/down in the time-domain gives more shields to prevent inter-symbol interference (ISI). Unlike the FBMC, the UFMC keeps the complex orthogonality, thus the Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) mechanism of multiple users is efficiently implemented in the UFMC. On the other hand, the UFMC is more efficient than CP-OFDM in terms of spectrum construct, due to the UFMC being CP-free. At the receiving end, the process starts at the zero paddings to achieve a two times up-sampling. Then, when conducting the 2N-DFT after that point and while selecting every other subcarrier, which is down-sampling, UFMC can achieve M-QAM de-mapping to collect the received data, as shown in Figure 4. At this stage, PAPR can be formulated as follows
PAPR=10log10[max|x(k)|2E[|x(k)|2]]
where E[|x(k)|2] is the expectation operation, which gives the average power of the signal x(k). The HPA reaches the saturation region if high peaks are fed to it, thus it causes degradation in the system. Therefore, such high peaks have to be reduced. Recently, it is found that the PAPR metric alone is not enough to predict the HPA power de-rating, thus the CM is proposed as a sporting metric in the 3GPP [41].
CM=20log10{rms[xnorm3(k)]}−20log10{rms[xref3(k)]}K dB
where20log10{rms[xnorm3(k)]}represents the raw Cubic Metric (rCM) of the signalx(k)and20log10{rms[xref3(k)]} is a constant reference that represents the rCM of Wide-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) voice signals [41]. The reference signal is found to be 1.25 dB [40,41]. The denominator stands for the empirical slope factor, which is determined empirically for a wide range of signals proposed for LTE applications to be 1.56. Furthermore,rms(x)can be calculated from.
rms=x*xN
and
xnorm(k)=|x(k)|rms(x(k))
where x denotes the vector form of the signal of [2,6]. That is, HPA power back-off affects the system performance, which is called power de-rating (the HPA operation is described in [40]). The HPA nonlinearity produces Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR), which is the ratio of mean power assigned to a certain channel with the mean power assigned to the adjacent channel. In the specifications of the LTE systems, it is found that the ACLR is 30 dB-sufficient for proper operation [46].
vo(t)=G1 vi(t)+G3 vi3(t)
where G1 and G2 are the linear and cubic gain design factors of the power amplifier. The power de-rating of a power amplifier is the amount of back-off power required to meet the ACLR specification of the transmitting system. Thus, the second term of the last expression shows the nonlinearity source in the power amplifier, which is the main source of the ACLR. Assuming the input of the HPA in the last expression has two consecutive frequencies, then
x1,2(k)=A1 ejθ1+A2 ejθ2
whereθ1=2πkaNandθ2=2πkbN, in whicha & bare two adjacent frequency indices, andA1 & A2are the two corresponding constellation points data. Then, the last expression of the two adjacent frequencies becomes
x1,2(k)=G1[A1 ejθ1+A2 ejθ2]+G3 [A1 ejθ1+A2 ejθ2]3
Expanding the cubic term yields
x1,2(k)=G1[A1 ejθ1+A2 ejθ2]+G3[A13 ej3θ1+A23 ej3θ2+3A12 A2 ej(2θ1+θ2)+3A1 A22 ej(θ1+2θ2)]
where the first term stands for the fundamental signal frequencies which is a linear region that can be inferred from the PAPR value and the second term involves the nonlinear frequencies. The terms of the last expression ignore other the effect of other terms (3A12 A2 ej(2θ1+θ2)+3A1 A22 ej(θ1+2θ2), which make an essential motivation to introduce the ACLR [40,41,46]. Thus, the intermodulation is happened due to the cubic terms, which produce2θ1+θ2andθ1+2θ2frequencies. Hence
x(k)=G1∑n=0N−1Xn ej2πknN+G3∑n=0N−1(Xn3 ej2πk3nN+Xn+13 ej2πk3n+3N)+3G3∑n=0N−1∑c=1N−n−1(Xn2 Xn+c ej2πkn−cN+Xn Xn+c2 ej2πkn+2cN)
From (14) and (15), it can be verified that the real cause of ACLR is the third intermodulation term. Thus, the cubic metric will be more accurate than the PAPR metric to determine the power amplifier power back-off. It can be seen that the PAPR predicts the envelope fluctuation of the linear region only, while CM predicts the other orders of the HPA operation regions. Hence, in this work, both two metrics, PAPR and CM, will be conducted to check the power back-off effect on the system using the SLM method. 3.2. UFMC Based SLM System
The SLM algorithm is one of the efficient frequency-domain approaches to reduce the PAPR in OFDM waveform. Basically, the algorithm applies a mechanism to makeB copies of the M-QAM modulated data vector, multiply elementwise, phase rotation vectors [32]. Based on the colored blocks in Figure 4, after phase rotation vector implementation, the X in (6) takes the form
Xrb=pb×Xr
where
Xrb=[Xr,0bXr,1b⋮Xr,N−1b],pb=[p0b00p1b⋯0⋯0⋮⋮00⋱0⋯pN−1b],Xr=[Xr,0Xr,1⋮Xr,N−1]
and b stands for the phase rotation vector p index. Then, the UFMC-based SLM can be expressed as
xb=∑r=1RFr·Wr·[pb×Xr]
or
xb=∑r=1RFr·Wr·Xrb
In other words, UFMC-based SLM now produces B candidates, the candidate who experiences lower PAPR will be adopted for transmission. The QAM-Mapper produces data then copies the data multiple times to phase-rotate it. In the above scenario, shown in Equation (17), the computational complexity can be calculated as that of the conventional CP-OFDM. For instance, the number of complex multiplication operations of the CP-OFDM matches that of the UFMC, as well as the number of complex addition operations [47]. Hence, the number of complex multiplication operationsμcan be presented as Equation (20)
μ=N2log2(N)
whereN refers to the number of samples, then according to [47], the number of complex addition operations can be formed as in Equation (21)
α=Nlog2(N)
After implementing the PAPR/CM reduction approach, which is represented by the SLM scheme, the number of complex multiplication operations will be increased according to the number of candidates, B,
μSLM=BN2log2(N)
TheαSLM,calculated by multiplying the number of complex addition operations (as shown in Equation (21)) byB, in which theBrefers to the total number of SLM candidates:
αSLM=BNlog2(N)
On the other hand, the SLM scheme is the probabilistic method, hence the BER is not affected. Although the computational complexity has been increased, the achieved outcome is of great interest. Moreover, SLM needs to transmit some side information to the receiver, such that the data can be recovered. The amount of side information is a few bits, which can be calculated as Equation (24):
δ=log2(B)
In other words, decreasing the number of candidates decreases the reserved bits as side information and reduces the computational complexity at the same time. Hence, it is worth controlling the number of candidates in order to obtain improved results. Thus, there is a trade-off between the reduction performance and the computational complexity. These facts are validated by conducting the mathematical simulations, and their outcomes are presented in Section 3.
4. Results and Discussion
This work presents four scenarios that are carried out according to constellation order M. Table 1 lists briefly the utilized parameters in the consequent simulations. As shown in Table 1, there are 20 PRBs, each PRB contains 14-subcarriers, and each subcarrier is modulated with QPSK,16-QAM, 64_QAM, and 256-QAM i.e., there are 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-binary bits of a message in the four scenarios, respectively. These parameters are chosen according to the LTE standards [47]. Moreover, there is 4-, 6-, and 8-PRV in each scenario. Figure 5a,b shows the simulation results according to the first line entries of Table 1, in which 4-PRV and QPSK mapping are used.
From Figure 5a, it is obvious that the QPSK or 4-QAM mapping does not take shape in the results. This behavior is due to the QPSK/4-QAM mapping has already low PAPR or CM, thus, after implementing the SLM method, the PAPR of the CP-OFDM vanished. While the conventional UFMC has a higher PAPR than the conventional CP-OFDM, it is 12 dB. Interestingly, after selected mapping, the SLM-UFMC experiences lower PAPR of 11 dB, in which there is a 1 dB reduction in the PAPR when using 4-PRV. On the other hand, the cubic metric, which is shown in Figure 5b, shows the same outcomes as that of the PAPR in Figure 5b with respect to SLM-CP-OFDM QPSK/4-QAM mapped signals. However, the conventional UFMC produces a higher CM value, 4 dB, while the SL-UFMC acts better with 4-PRV, at 3.5 dB, thus a reduction in 0.5 dB in the CM is achieved. For this scenario, the SLM-UFMC shows better performance and consumes less power than the SLM-CP-OFDM and conventional UFMC.
In Figure 6a,b, the PAPR and CM of 6-PRV Rotation Vectors (PRV) are compared using the settings of the same signal of the previous configuration. The SLM-UFMC achieves a 1 dB and 0.75 dB reduction in the PAPR and CM, respectively. For the 8-PRV, the SLM-UFMC reduces the PAPR from 12 to 10.75 dB and enhances the CM by 0.75 dB. As a result, the CM with 8-PRV does not improve too much compared with the 6-PRV rotation vectors, as shown in Figure 7a,b. Thus, for this scenario, it is recommended to use a maximum of 6-PRV rotation vectors, as shown in Table 2. Although the PAPR is reduced by 1.25 dB, the effect of the third intermodulation, which causes the ACLR, can be accurately captured by the CM approach.
In the second scenario of Table 1, the modulation order is increased to four binary bits in each subcarrier, and hence the 16-QAM mapping is conducted in its simulations. With 16-QAM and 4-PRV, the conventional UFMC reduces the PAPR and CM from 12 and 4 dB to 10.75 and 3.5 dB, respectively. Subsequently, the SLM-UFMC reduces the PAPR and CM to 1.25 dB and 0.5 dB as shown in Figure 8a,b. The SLM-CP-OFDM shows better PAPR performance than SLM-UFMC, but at the cost of spectrum deficiency.
In the same scenario of 16-QAM, the number of PRV increased to six (6-PRV). Figure 9a shows that the PAPR of the conventional UFMC is 12.25 dB. The PAPR is reduced to 11 dB, with a reduction of 1.25 dB. The CM in Figure 9b of the conventional UFMC is 4.25 dB, while in the SLM-UFMC, it drops to 3.5 dB, with a reduction of 0.75 dB. It can be seen that using 4- or 6-PRV does not make a significant change in the PAPR and CM, as shown in Table 3. The SLM-CP-OFDM in both cases has a greater reduction in the PAPR and CM, but it is impossible to use CP-OFDM for different numerologies, which is why we are seeking other waveforms.
Figure 10a,b are the simulation results for the last case in the second scenario, which conducts 16-QAM with 8-PRV for the PAPR and CM, respectively. In Figure 10a, the PAPR is reduced from 12.29 dB, by 1.47 dB, while the CM is reduced by 0.8 dB. Eventually, increasing the number of PRV decreases the PAPR, but at the cost of increasing the complexity.
The third scenario further increases the baseband mapping to 64-QAM. The first case of this scenario is the 4-PRV, which results in a PAPR of 12.25 dB and CM of 4.6 dB for the conventional UFMC. The SLM-UFMC achieves less PAPR than 11 dB and CM of 3.4 dB form the conventional UFMC and SLM-UFMC, as shown in Figure 11a,b. Yet again, the SLM-CP-OFDM shows better results than the rest.
The simulation with 6-PRV generally enhances the PAPR, in which it is reduced from 12.4 to 11.1 dB, as shown in Figure 11a. The CM has no improvement as compared with the 4-PRV, in which the same result of 1.2 dB is obtained, as shown in Figure 12b. Increasing the number of PRV to eight did not improve the PAPR and MC, as shown in Figure 13a,b. Thus, it is meaningless to increase the computational complexity by increasing the PRV. As shown in Table 4, the same behaviour of SLM-CP-OFDM is significantly shown, in which the CM is reduced by more than SLM-UFMC.
In the last scenario, where the modulation order increased to 256-QAM, in which there are 8-binary bits incorporated in each subcarrier, the PAPR is reduced by 1.2 dB, 1.75 dB, and 1.9 dB for 4-PRV, 6-PRV, and 8-PRV, as shown in Figure 14, Figure 15 and Figure 16 respectively. The CM is improved by 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8 dB. In particular, in the case of 4-PRV, the PAPR is reduced from 12.4 to 11.2 dB, and it is reduced from 12.5 to 10.75 dB in the case of 6-PRV. Finally, in the 8-PRV case, the PAPR of the UFMC is reduced from 12.3 to 10.4 dB after employing the SLM scheme. On the other hand, the CM is reduced from 4 to 3.5 dB in the 4-PRV case. For 6-PRV, the CM of the UFMC is reduced from 4 to 3.4 dB. In all of the cases of the last scenario, the SLM-CP-OFDM outperforms the other signals, but as stated previously, at the expense of the spectrum efficiency degradation and the usage of different numerology cannot be employed using CP-OFDM. The results of the last scenario are presented in Table 5.
As a conclusion, Table 6 collectively lists the obtained results of the four-scenarios. It views the PAPR and CM reduction for each mapping order of 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, and 256-QAM. It can be observed that the PAPR decreased as the PRV number increased. On the other hand, the CM has the same attitude of the PAPR, but only the 64-QAM mapping does not change.
On the other hand, the number of multiplications and the number of additions depend on the size of the IFFT and the number of candidates utilized to reduce the PAPR/CM values. However, there is a trade-off between the two parameters. In the aforementioned scenarios, the numbers of multiplications operations are 9216, 13824, and 18432, for the CP-OFDM or conventional UFMC, 4-candidates SLM-UFMC, 6-candidates SLM-UFMC, and 8-candidates SLM-UFMC, respectively, as depicted in Table 7. The number of additions is simply divided into the above numbers by factor 2, as stated in Equations (22) and (23). Furthermore, the side information overhead increases with the increase in the number of candidates. According to Equation (24), the bits of side information are two, and three for the 4-candidates and 6-candidates or 8-candidates, respectively. Some applications in the 5G systems cannot be more complex than its standard form, while others may not care about the increased complexity, while the side information may be embedded in the transmitted data or send side information with faded subcarriers, which is out of the scope of this work. The results of Section 4 shows that as the number of PRV increases, the computational complexity increases. Accordingly, in Table 7, it can be observed that there is a trade-off between the computational complexity and the PAPR/CM, in which reducing the PAPR or CM increases the computational complexity.
The related work focused on four parameters of 5G networks which are computational complexity, PAPR, BER and side information. However, improving several parameters might negatively affect other parameters, for instance, improving the PAPR increase, the computational complexity and vice versa, as in [31] and [33]. Table 8 shows a comparison between our work with the benchmark of the related work based on this argument.
From the above table, we can observe that the popular waveform is OFDM, and the SLM has been applied to the OFDM to reduce the PAPR of this waveform. Subsequently, the UFMC is considered as a promising waveform for 5G technology because it has a lower latency and better BER than the OFDM, but it is more complex. Moreover, both OFDM and UFMC suffer from high PAPR. Additionally, the table shows that the SLM for the UFMC waveform has not been proposed and evaluated. Our approach combines SLM with UFMC (SLM-UFMC) and is able to reduce the PAPR, BER and CM, but it neglects the side information and computational complexity. Hence, this study indicates that SLM has better spectral efficiency and can be used to reduce the Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) which is symmetrical with the improvement in the UFMC signals. Ultimately, the SLM-UFMC shows better performance and consumes lower power than the SLM-CP-OFDM and conventional UFMC. The limitation of this work is that it neglects the side information and computational complexity. 5. Conclusions The selected mapping (SLM) method has been suggested in the previous work to reduce the PAPR/CM in the UFMC waveform, in which the signal is copied to B candidates. The candidate with lower PAPR/CM can be adopted or selected for data transmission. The SLM introduces additional computational complexity due to the multiple signal representation, to provide B candidates. Furthermore, side information needs to be sent, which reduces the average rate of successful message delivery. The benefit of using selected mapping is that the PAPR/CM capacity is noticeably reduced without degrading the BER performance of the system. Thus, the reduction gain can be increased with the increment of the number of PRV, but this comes with the expense of high computational complexity. The testing results show that the PAPR can be reduced by 1.25 dB and the CM by 0.75 dB when the mapping order is 4-QAM in the 8-PRV case. The 16-QAM achieves the reduction of 1.47 dB PAPR and 0.8 dB CM. Finally, the 64-QAM achieves the reduction of 1.5 dB PAPR and 1.2 dB CM and the 256-QAM achieves the reduction of 1.9 dB PAPR and 0.8 dB CM. The contribution of this work is reducing the PAPR and CM for UFMC waveform by using the SLM technique, without degradation the BER. It is found from the results that there is symmetry between the UFMC improvement needs and the SLM solution. The limitation of this solution is increasing the computational complexity and neglecting side information. The future work considers reducing the computational complexity by using a Dummy Sequence Insertion (DSI) technique and utilizing side information within data transition.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM-based Selected Mapping (SLM) scheme.
Enlarge this image.Figure 5. The 4-Quadrature Amplitude Modification (QAM) and 4-Phase Rotation Vector (PRV) results of scenario 1.
| N Size of IFFT | No. of Subcarriers | No. of PRB | M Constellation Order | No. of PRV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 512 | 14 | 20 | 4 | 4, 6, and 8 |
| 512 | 14 | 20 | 16 | 4, 6, and 8 |
| 512 | 14 | 20 | 64 | 4, 6, and 8 |
| 512 | 14 | 20 | 256 | 4, 6, and 8 |
| No. of PRV | PAPR Before Reduction in dB | CM Before Reduction in dB | PAPR After Reduction in dB | CM After Reduction in dB | PAPR Reduction in dB | CM Reduction in dB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 12 | 4 | 11 | 3.5 | 1 | 0.5 |
| 6 | 12 | 4 | 11 | 3.25 | 1 | 0.75 |
| 8 | 12 | 4 | 10.75 | 3.25 | 1.25 | 0.75 |
| No. of PRV | PAPR Before Reduction in dB | CM Before Reduction in dB | PAPR After Reduction in dB | CM After Reduction in dB | PAPR Reduction in dB | CM Reduction in dB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 12 | 4 | 10.75 | 3.5 | 1.25 | 0.5 |
| 6 | 12.25 | 4.25 | 11 | 3.5 | 1.25 | 0.75 |
| 8 | 12.29 | 4.2 | 10.82 | 3.4 | 1.47 | 0.8 |
| No. of PRV | PAPR Before Reduction in dB | CM Before Reduction in dB | PAPR After Reduction in dB | CM After Reduction in dB | PAPR Reduction in dB | CM Reduction in dB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 12.25 | 4.6 | 11 | 3.4 | 1.25 | 1.2 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 4.2 | 11.1 | 3.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
| 8 | 12 | 4.4 | 10.7 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
| No. of PRV | PAPR Before Reduction in dB | CM Before Reduction in dB | PAPR After Reduction in dB | CM After Reduction in dB | PAPR Reduction in dB | CM Reduction in dB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 12.4 | 4 | 11.2 | 3.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 |
| 6 | 12.5 | 4 | 10.75 | 3.4 | 1.75 | 0.6 |
| 8 | 12.3 | 4.2 | 10.4 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 0.8 |
| Mapping Order | 4-Phase Rotation Vectors | 6-Phase Rotation Vectors | 8-Phase Rotation Vectors | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAPR Reduction in dB | CM Reduction in dB | PAPR Reduction in dB | CM Reduction in dB | PAPR Reduction in dB | CM Reduction in dB | |
| 4-QAM | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.75 | 1.25 | 0.75 |
| 16-QAM | 1.25 | 0.5 | 1.25 | 0.75 | 1.47 | 0.8 |
| 64-QAM | 1.25 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.2 |
| 256-QAM | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.75 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.8 |
| N | B | δ | μSLM | αSLM | PAPR Reduction (QAM) | CM Reduction (QAM) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 16 | 64 | 256 | 4 | 16 | 64 | 256 | |||||
| 512 | 4 | 2 | 9216 | 18432 | 1 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.5 |
| 512 | 6 | 3 | 13824 | 27648 | 1 | 1.25 | 1.3 | 1.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 1.2 | 0.6 |
| 512 | 8 | 3 | 18432 | 36864 | 1.25 | 1.47 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 0.75 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.8 |
| Reference | Method/Waveform | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Jeon et al. [27] |
|
|
| Wang and Sheng-Ju Ku [30] |
|
|
| Hu et al. [31] |
|
|
| Wang and Akansu [33] |
|
|
| Hu et al. [35] |
|
|
| Skrzypczak, et al. [20] |
|
|
| Yang Zhou et al. [38] |
|
|
| Our Approach |
|
|
Author Contributions
We would like to declare that all authors contributed equally to this manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by Universiti Tenaga Nasional under Internal Research Grant OPEX type RJO10517919 iRMC Publication Fund and the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by grant code: 19-COM-1-01-0015.
Acknowledgments
This research was partially funded by Universiti Tenaga Nasional under Internal Research Grant OPEX type RJO10517919 iRMC Publication Fund. The authors would also like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by grant code: 19-COM-1-01-0015.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Farooq Sijal Shawqi1, Lukman Audah1,*, Salama A. Mostafa2,*, Saraswathy Shamini Gunasekaran3, Abdullah Baz4, Ahmed Talaat Hammoodi1, Hosam Alhakami5, Mustafa Hamid Hassan2, Mohammed Ahmed Jubair2 and Wajdi Alhakami6
1Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor 86400, Malaysia
2Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor 86400, Malaysia
3College of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
4Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
5Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
6Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, 21944 Taif, Saudi Arabia
*Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
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Details
; Mostafa, Salama A
; Gunasekaran, Saraswathy Shamini; Baz, Abdullah
; Ahmed Talaat Hammoodi; Alhakami, Hosam
; Mustafa Hamid Hassan; Mohammed Ahmed Jubair
; Alhakami, Wajdi