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© 2018. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected in situ from peat smoke during the 2015 El Niño peat fire episode in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Twenty-one PM samples were collected from 18 peat fire plumes that were primarily smoldering with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) values of 0.725–0.833. PM emissions were determined and chemically characterized for elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC, water-soluble ions, metals, and organic species. Fuel-based PM2.5 mass emission factors (EFs) ranged from 6.0 to 29.6 g kg-1 with an average of 17.3±6.0 g kg-1. EC was detected only in 15 plumes and comprised 1 % of PM mass. Together, OC (72 %), EC (1 %), water-soluble ions (1 %), and metal oxides (0.1 %) comprised 74±11 % of gravimetrically measured PM mass. Assuming that the remaining mass is due to elements that form organic matter (OM; i.e., elements O, H, N) an OM-to-OC conversion factor of 1.26 was estimated by linear regression. Overall, chemical speciation revealed the following characteristics of peat-burning emissions: high OC mass fractions (72 %), primarily water-insoluble OC (84±11 %C), low EC mass fractions (1 %), vanillic to syringic acid ratios of 1.9, and relatively high n-alkane contributions to OC (6.2 %C) with a carbon preference index of 1.2–1.6. Comparison to laboratory studies of peat combustion revealed similarities in the relative composition of PM but greater differences in the absolute EF values. The EFs developed herein, combined with estimates of the mass of peat burned, are used to estimate that 3.2–11 Tg of PM2.5 was emitted to atmosphere during the 2015 El Niño peatland fire event in Indonesia. Combined with gas-phase measurements of CO2, CO, CH4, and volatile organic carbon from Stockwell et al. (2016), it is determined that OC and EC accounted for 2.1 and 0.04 % of total carbon emissions, respectively. These in situ EFs can be used to improve the accuracy of the representation of Indonesian peat burning in emission inventories and receptor-based models.

Details

Title
Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño
Author
Jayarathne, Thilina 1 ; Stockwell, Chelsea E 2 ; Gilbert, Ashley A 1 ; Daugherty, Kaitlyn 1 ; Cochrane, Mark A 3 ; Ryan, Kevin C 4 ; Putra, Erianto I 5 ; Saharjo, Bambang H 6 ; Nurhayati, Ati D 6 ; Albar, Israr 7 ; Yokelson, Robert J 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Stone, Elizabeth A 8 

 University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA 
 University of Montana, Department of Chemistry, Missoula, MT 59812, USA 
 Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA 
 FireTree Wildland Fire Sciences, L.L.C., Missoula, MT 59801, USA 
 Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA; Bogor Agricultural University, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 
 Bogor Agricultural University, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor 16680, Indonesia 
 Bogor Agricultural University, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; now at: Directorate General of Climate Change, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jakarta 10270, Indonesia 
 University of Iowa, Department of Chemistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; University of Iowa, Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA 
Pages
2585-2600
Publication year
2018
Publication date
2018
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
ISSN
16807316
e-ISSN
16807324
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2414686113
Copyright
© 2018. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.