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Introduction
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common and diagnosed with the help of urine culture technique.1,2 It is always advisable to correlate clinical symptoms with the results of the test. Organisms like Escherichia coli which are the most frequently isolated organism in uncomplicated and complicated UTIs. However, it creates ambiguity towards choosing correct empirical treatment.3 Antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial UTIs, especially catheter-associated urinary tract infections poses grave concerns for antimicrobial effectiveness in treating.4,5 It is necessary to measure and compare the antimicrobial resistance in hospitals regularly because the effects of antimicrobial resistance are mainly felt in healthcare facilities.6
Urinary catheters are used in critical patients, especially those who are unable to move from their bed or unable to empty the bladder naturally due to some clinical condition. The catheter remains attached for a long period, which leads to catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) because of the catheter act as a reservoir for multidrug-resistant organisms and responsible for hospital-acquired infections. Such infections are preventable by implementing a bundle of care.7,8 CAUTI bundle care is an evidence-based guideline to assess the need, proper handling, and earliest removal of catheters to alleviate the risk in the patient.9
The study aimed to summarize the most common pathogens of UTIs and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, so this may be helpful while preparing the local empirical treatment regimens. The study also aims to evaluate the effectiveness of CAUTI bundle care as it checks whether it succors to reduce CAUTI by minimizing the number of days of catheterization or not.
Materials and Methods
Urine Culture and Antibiotic Sensitivity
Urine samples received from the inpatient department as well as the outpatient department were processed as per the standard operating procedure followed by the hospital.10 Samples were streaked on sheep blood agar and MacConkey’s agar with a calibrated nichrome wire loop and incubated for 24 h at 35oC. After 24 h, if any microbial growth found, it was carried for identification procedure. If no growth observed, then re-incubated and observed for microbial growth after a total of 48 h from the first incubation. Identification of organism and antibiogram was carried out by using automated system MicroScanautoSCAN (Siemens, Germany; now takeover by Beckman Coulter, U.S.A.).