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Abstract
The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is a monoxenous tick that co-evolved with indicine cattle on the Indian subcontinent. It causes massive damage to livestock worldwide. Cattle breeds present heritable, contrasting phenotypes of tick loads, taurine breeds carrying higher loads of the parasite than indicine breeds. Thus, a useful model is available to analyze mechanisms that determine outcomes of parasitism. We sought to gain insights on these mechanisms and used RNA sequencing and Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) to generate a transcriptome from whole larvae and salivary glands from nymphs, males and females feeding on genetically susceptible and resistant bovine hosts and their corresponding proteomes. 931,698 reads were annotated into 11,676 coding sequences (CDS), which were manually curated into 116 different protein families. Male ticks presented the most diverse armamentarium of mediators of parasitism. In addition, levels of expression of many genes encoding mediators of parasitism were significantly associated with the level and stage of host immunity and/or were temporally restricted to developmental stages of the tick. These insights should assist in developing novel, sustainable technologies for tick control.
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1 University of São Paulo, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0722); Superintendence of the São Paulo State Technical and Scientific Police, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38)
2 National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, USA (GRID:grid.94365.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2297 5165)
3 University of São Paulo, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0722); Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, São Carlos, Brazil (GRID:grid.411247.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2163 588X)
4 University of São Paulo, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0722); Federal University of Goiás, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Goiânia, Brazil (GRID:grid.411195.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2192 5801)
5 Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Richmond, USA (GRID:grid.224260.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0458 8737)
6 University of São Paulo, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0722); Ribeirão Preto School of Nursing, USP, Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0722)
7 University of São Paulo, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil (GRID:grid.11899.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0722)