The best chance of long‐term survival for patients with cancer of the pancreatic head and periampullary region is obtained by radical resection. In patients with pancreatic cancer, systemic chemotherapy is administered preferentially1,2. However, up to 80 per cent of patients with pancreatic cancer are not eligible for curative resection owing to locally advanced stage or distant metastases3.
Delay in treatment may contribute to poor prognosis. Surgery may be postponed for valid reasons, such as neoadjuvant therapy or preoperative biliary drainage in case of jaundice. Postponement of surgery for logistical reasons is undesirable. Hypothetically, a prolonged time to surgery may lead to progression of the disease, a lower resection rate, and worse survival. Current studies4–11 in the literature on time to surgery have focused on pancreatic cancer, and the results are somewhat conflicting.
Dutch guidelines recommend that treatment be started within 3 weeks of the final multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting12. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the time interval between the final MDT meeting and surgery on overall survival, resection rate and R0 resection rate in patients with resectable periampullary malignancies.
This was a retrospective population‐based study with data retrieved from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR), the Dutch nationwide registry covering all 17 million inhabitants of the Netherlands that includes data on all patients with cancer. The NCR is linked to the nationwide pathology database (Pathologisch‐Anatomisch Landelijk Geautomatiseerd Archief (PALGA)). Completeness of inclusion is estimated to be at least 95 per cent. The TNM classification of malignant tumours (7th edition)13 was used to record clinical and pathological tumour stages. Data on the vital status of patients were obtained by annual linkage with the Municipal Personal Records Database, a database containing personal details collected by the federal government (such as address) for the whole population of the Netherlands.
All patients diagnosed with invasive periampullary malignancies (including pancreatic head cancer, duodenal cancer, ampullary cancer and distal cholangiocarcinoma, ICD‐O‐3: C25·0, C17·0, C24·1 and C24·0‐distal respectively14), and who were discussed in an MDT meeting and subsequently scheduled for pancreatoduodenectomy, were included. Patients treated between May 2012 and December 2016 were eligible. Patients with missing data on the date of the preoperative MDT meeting were excluded. In 2013, the NCR did not record the dates of preoperative MDT meetings, so patients scheduled for pancreatoduodenectomy in 2013 were excluded. Patients with hyperbilirubinaemia underwent preoperative biliary drainage. Patients who were scheduled for and underwent staging laparoscopy for diagnostic reasons were excluded. Patients who received neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy before pancreatoduodenectomy were excluded as this was not standard treatment during the study period; patients had neoadjuvant treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) only in studies such as the PREOPANC RCT15, which was conducted in the Netherlands. Approval of a medical ethics committee was not required under Dutch law, as all data were anonymized.
Data that were collected routinely included age, sex, location of the last MDT meeting (treating or referring hospital), preoperative biliary drainage, annual hospital volume, time interval from the preoperative MDT meeting and date of surgery, clinical TNM stage, pathological TNM stage, and margin status in patients who had a resection, whether a resection was performed or not, postoperative chemo(radio)therapy (including both adjuvant therapy in patients who had a resection and palliative therapy in those who had no resection), 30‐ and 90‐day mortality, and overall survival.
Outcomes were overall survival, resection rate and R0 resection rate. Overall survival was defined as time in days between surgery and death or alive vital status at 1 February 2018. Resection rate was defined as the proportion of pancreatoduodenectomies carried out in all patients who had surgical exploration. R0 resection rate was defined as the proportion of R0 resections of all resections. Margin status was recorded as reported by the assessing pathologist. A margin of less than 1 mm was considered a non‐radical resection.
Time interval was defined as the number of days between the date of the last preoperative MDT meeting and the date of surgery, and was categorized in tertiles (18 days or less; 19–32 days; 33 days or more). Surgery included both pancreatoduodenectomy and surgical exploration only, when no resection was performed. Pathological diagnoses were categorized according to the WHO classification of tumours12 and included pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head (PDAC, including ICD‐O‐3 morphology codes 8010, 8012, 8020, 8070, 8140, 8144, 8163, 8452, 8453, 8480, 8481, 8490, 8500, 8510, 8560 and 8570), other tumours of the pancreatic head (including ICD‐O‐3 morphology codes 8000 and 8550), carcinoma of the papilla of Vater (including ICD‐O‐3 morphology codes 8010, 8013, 8140, 8144, 8163, 8260, 8261, 8263, 8480, 8481, 8490 and 8500), duodenal carcinoma (including ICD‐O‐3 morphology codes 8010, 8012, 8013, 8140, 8144, 8255, 8261, 8263, 8480, 8481 and 8490) and cholangiocarcinoma (including ICD‐O‐3 morphology codes 8000, 8012, 8013, 8082, 8140, 8144, 8160, 8163, 8249, 8255, 8260, 8263, 8480 and 8500). Thirty‐ and 90‐day mortality was defined as death from any cause within 30 and 90 days of surgery respectively. Hospital volume classification was based on the number of pancreatoduodenectomies performed for malignancy, as registered in the NCR. Hospital volume was categorized in two categories: 19 or less and 20 or more procedures per year. In the Netherlands, a minimum hospital volume of 20 pancreatoduodenectomies annually has been set since December 2011.
Data were analysed using IBM SPSS® Statistics for Windows® version 22.0® (IBM, Armonk, New York, USA). Non‐normally distributed continuous data are presented as median (i.q.r.) values and analysed with the Kruskal–Wallis test. Categorical (binary, ordinal and nominal) data are presented as frequencies with percentages and analysed with the χ2 test and Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Survival was determined by Kaplan–Meier analysis. The association between time interval and survival was analysed by Cox proportional hazards models and expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 per cent confidence intervals. Associations between time interval and the outcomes resection rate and R0 resection rate were analysed by generalized linear models and expressed as relative risks (RRs) with 95 per cent confidence intervals. If applicable, the sandwich method with robust estimators was applied16. Potential confounders were determined based on theory, using a directed acyclic graph approach17. Age was considered a potential confounder that may have a causal relationship with the outcome measures of resection rate and overall survival18. Hospital volume was considered a potential confounder that may have a causal relationship with all oncological outcome measures4,18,19. Analysis of the outcome measures was adjusted for potential confounders. Preoperative biliary drainage was considered an intermediate factor, because it may be a reason for postponing surgery. As it was uncertain whether the last MDT meeting had been before or after biliary drainage, analyses were not adjusted for biliary drainage. Results are presented as both unadjusted and adjusted HRs and RRs. A two‐tailed P < 0·050 was considered statistically significant. A subgroup analysis was performed for patients with PDAC.
In the study period, 2606 patients with a periampullary malignancy were scheduled for surgery (Fig. 1). After exclusions, of 2128 patients scheduled for pancreatoduodenectomy, 101 had neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy and were also excluded. Thus, 2027 patients were included in the final analysis. A total of 871 patients (43·0 per cent) had surgery within 3 weeks of the MDT meeting. The median interval to surgery was 25 (i.q.r. 14–36) days. The time interval was non‐normally distributed (Fig. 2).
Enlarge this image.1 Fig.. Diagram showing patient selection MDT, multidisciplinary team; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Enlarge this image.2 Fig.. Time interval from multidisciplinary team meeting to surgery for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and periampullary malignancy
Patient, tumour and treatment characteristics are presented in Table 1. Patients with an intermediate or long time interval to surgery were older (P < 0·001) and more often had preoperative biliary drainage (P < 0·001) compared with patients with a short time interval to surgery.
TableCharacteristics of patients scheduled for pancreatoduodenectomy with a short, intermediate or long time interval to surgery| Time interval to surgery (days) | |||||
| Total cohort (n = 2027) | ≤ 18 (n = 677) | 19–32 (n = 665) | ≥ 33 (n = 685) | P‡ | |
| Patient and tumour characteristics | |||||
| Age (years)* | 68 (61–74) | 67 (60–73) | 68 (62–74) | 69 (62–75) | < 0·001§ |
| Male sex | 1144 (56·4) | 386 (57·0) | 366 (55·0) | 392 (57·2) | 0·672 |
| Multidisciplinary team meeting at treating hospital | 1658 (81·8) | 555 (82·0) | 547 (82·3) | 556 (81·2) | 0·313 |
| Missing | 76 | ||||
| Pathological diagnosis† | < 0·001 | ||||
| PDAC of pancreatic head | 1158 (57·1) | 373 (55·1) | 385 (57·9) | 400 (58·4) | |
| Carcinoma of papilla of Vater | 343 (16·9) | 107 (15·8) | 119 (17·9) | 117 (17·1) | |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 343 (16·9) | 108 (16·0) | 110 (16·5) | 125 (18·2) | |
| Duodenal carcinoma | 166 (8·2) | 87 (12·9) | 44 (6·6) | 35 (5·1) | |
| Other carcinoma of pancreatic head | 17 (0·8) | 2 (0·3) | 7 (1·1) | 8 (1·2) | |
| pT category | 0·147 | ||||
| pT0 | 1 (0·1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0·2) | |
| pT1 | 89 (5·3) | 22 (3·9) | 28 (5·1) | 39 (7·1) | |
| pT2 | 257 (15·4) | 91 (16·1) | 87 (15·7) | 79 (14·5) | |
| pT3 | 1124 (67·5) | 378 (66·8) | 369 (66·6) | 377 (69·0) | |
| pT4 | 182 (10·9) | 72 (12·7) | 64 (11·6) | 46 (8·4) | |
| pTX | 13 (0·8) | 3 (0·5) | 6 (1·1) | 4 (0·7) | |
| Missing | 361 | ||||
| pN category | 0·071 | ||||
| pN0 | 510 (30·5) | 170 (29·8) | 168 (30·3) | 172 (31·3) | |
| pN1 | 1111 (66·4) | 373 (65·4) | 372 (67·1) | 366 (66·7) | |
| pN2 | 45 (2·7) | 25 (4·4) | 10 (1·8) | 10 (1·8) | |
| pNX | 7 (0·4) | 2 (0·4) | 4 (0·7) | 1 (0·2) | |
| Missing | 354 | ||||
| pM category | 0·692 | ||||
| pM0 | 1787 (88·2) | 600 (88·6) | 589 (88·6) | 598 (87·3) | |
| pM1 | 240 (11·8) | 77 (11·4) | 76 (11·4) | 87 (12·7) | |
| Tumour differentiation grade | 0·820 | ||||
| Well | 171 (11·5) | 56 (10·5) | 55 (11·0) | 60 (13·0) | |
| Moderate | 765 (51·3) | 272 (51·2) | 260 (52·2) | 233 (50·3) | |
| Poor | 554 (37·1) | 203 (38·2) | 182 (36·5) | 169 (36·5) | |
| Undifferentiated | 2 (0·1) | 0 (0·0) | 1 (0·2) | 1 (0·2) | |
| Missing | 535 | ||||
| Treatment characteristics | |||||
| PD volume of treating hospital | 0·077 | ||||
| < 20 | 344 (17·0) | 132 (19·8) | 106 (16·1) | 106 (15·5) | |
| ≥ 20 | 1664 (82·1) | 534 (80·2) | 554 (83·9) | 576 (84·5) | |
| Missing | 19 (0·9) | ||||
| Preoperative biliary drainage | 913 (45·0) | 231 (34·1) | 318 (47·8) | 364 (53·1) | < 0·001 |
| Postoperative chemotherapy | 97 (4·8) | 36 (5·3) | 29 (4·4) | 32 (4·7) | 0·704 |
| Postoperative radiotherapy | 7 (0·3) | 3 (0·4) | 2 (0·3) | 2 (0·3) | 0·868 |
| 30‐day mortality | 84 of 2021 (4·2) | 33 of 674 (4·9) | 22 of 662 (3·3) | 29 of 685 (4·2) | 0·352 |
| 90‐day mortality | 203 of 2021 (10·0) | 76 of 674 (11·3) | 58 of 662 (8·8) | 69 of 685 (10·1) | 0·311 |
Values in parentheses are percentages unless indicated otherwise;
values are median (i.q.r.).
Basis for pathological diagnosis: histological confirmation of primary tumour, including autopsy (1772 patients, 87·4 per cent); histological confirmation of distant metastasis only, including autopsy (150, 7·4 per cent); haematological or cytological confirmation, but unclear whether this concerned cytology or histology (91, 4·5 per cent); clinical diagnostic tests, surgical exploration or autopsy, without pathological confirmation (14, 0·7 per cent). PDAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PD, pancreatoduodenectomy.
χ2 or Fisher's exact test, except
Kruskal–Wallis test.
Outcomes are presented in Table 2. The median follow‐up was 15·0 (i.q.r. 7·3–25·5) months. Median overall survival was 16·8 (95 per cent c.i. 15·8 to 17·8) months, the resection rate was 82·3 per cent, and the R0 resection rate 71·7 per cent. There were no statistically significant differences in overall survival or in resection rate between patients with a short versus an intermediate or long interval to surgery.
TableOverall survival, resection rate and R0 resection rate of patients with a short, intermediate or long time interval to treatment| Total cohort (n = 2027) | Time interval ≤ 18 days (n = 677) | Time interval 19–32 days (n = 665) | P | Time interval ≥ 33 days (n = 685) | P | |
| Median OS (months) | 16·8 (15·8, 17·8) | 17·3 (15·9, 18·8) | 16·8 (14·9, 18·9) | 16·7 (15·0, 18·4) | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1·00 (reference) | 0·95 (0·84, 1·09) | 0·471 | 1·03 (0·91, 1·17) | 0·618 | |
| Adjusted HR† | 1·00 (reference) | 0·94 (0·82, 1·07) | 0·317 | 0·99 (0·87, 1·13) | 0·929 | |
| Resection* | 1669 (82·3) | 569 (84·0) | 551 (82·9) | 549 (80·1) | ||
| Unadjusted RR | 1·00 (reference) | 0·99 (0·94, 1·04) | 0·558 | 0·95 (0·91, 1·00) | 0·061 | |
| Adjusted RR† | 1·00 (reference) | 0·99 (0·95, 1·04) | 0·791 | 0·96 (0·91, 1·01) | 0·091 | |
| R0 resection* | 1145 of 1598 (71·7) | 398 of 540 (73·7) | 357 of 530 (67·4) | 390 of 528 (73·9) | ||
| Unadjusted RR | 1·00 (reference) | 0·91 (0·85, 0·99) | 0·023 | 1·00 (0·93, 1·08) | 0·953 | |
| Adjusted RR‡ | 1·00 (reference) | 0·92 (0·85, 0·99) | 0·032 | 1·01 (0·94, 1·09) | 0·733 |
Values in parentheses are 95 per cent c.i. unless indicated otherwise;
values in parentheses are percentages.
Adjusted for age and hospital volume;
adjusted for hospital volume. OS, overall survival; HR, hazard ratio; RR, relative risk.
The R0 resection rate was lower in patients with an intermediate interval compared with that in patients with a short time interval to surgery (67·4 versus 73·7 per cent respectively; unadjusted RR 0·91, 95 per cent c.i. 0·85 to 0·99, P = 0·023). After adjustment for hospital volume as a potential confounder, the R0 resection rate was similarly lower (RR 0·92, 0·85 to 0·99, P = 0·032). In patients with a long time interval to surgery the R0 resection rate was 73·9 per cent, which was not significantly different from that in patients with a short interval to surgery.
Data for the subgroup of 1158 patients (57·1 per cent) with PDAC are presented in Table 3, and outcomes in Table 4. Median follow‐up was 13·1 (i.q.r. 5·9–22·0) months. Median overall survival was 13·3 (95 per cent c.i. 12·3 to 14·4) months, the resection rate was 76·5 per cent, and the R0 resection rate 62·4 per cent. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival between patients with a short versus intermediate or long interval to surgery.
TableCharacteristics of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma† scheduled for pancreatoduodenectomy with a short, intermediate or long time interval to surgery| Time interval to surgery (days) | |||||
| Total cohort (n = 1158) | ≤ 18 (n = 373) | 19–32 (n = 385) | ≥ 33 (n = 400) | P‡ | |
| Patient and tumour characteristics | |||||
| Age (years)* | 68 (62–74) | 67 (60–73) | 68 (62–74) | 69 (63–75) | 0·003§ |
| Male sex | 639 (55·2) | 214 (57·4) | 198 (51·4) | 227 (56·8) | 0·191 |
| Multidisciplinary team meeting at treating hospital | 962 (86·8) | 313 (83·9) | 324 (84·2) | 325 (81·3) | 0·137 |
| Missing | 50 | ||||
| pT category | 0·775 | ||||
| pT1 | 28 (3·1) | 8 (2·7) | 7 (2·3) | 13 (4·5) | |
| pT2 | 82 (9·2) | 31 (10·4) | 28 (9·3) | 23 (7·9) | |
| pT3 | 734 (82·3) | 244 (81·6) | 248 (82·4) | 242 (82·9) | |
| pT4 | 35 (3·9) | 13 (4·3) | 12 (4·0) | 10 (3·4) | |
| pTX | 13 (1·5) | 3 (1·0) | 6 (2·0) | 4 (1·4) | |
| Missing | 266 | ||||
| pN category | 0·610 | ||||
| pN0 | 210 (23·5) | 63 (21·1) | 72 (23·9) | 75 (25·7) | |
| pN1 | 676 (75·8) | 234 (78·3) | 226 (75·1) | 216 (74·0) | |
| pNX | 6 (0·7) | 2 (0·7) | 3 (1·0) | 1 (0·3) | |
| Missing | 266 | ||||
| pM category | 0·357 | ||||
| pM0 | 979 (84·5) | 321 (86·1) | 328 (85·2) | 330 (82·5) | |
| pM1 | 179 (15·5) | 52 (13·9) | 57 (14·8) | 70 (17·5) | |
| Tumour differentiation grade | 0·094 | ||||
| Well | 86 (10·8) | 21 (7·7) | 28 (10·4) | 37 (14·6) | |
| Moderate | 408 (51·2) | 138 (50·4) | 147 (54·4) | 123 (48·6) | |
| Poor | 302 (37·9) | 115 (42·0) | 94 (34·8) | 93 (36·8) | |
| Undifferentiated | 1 (0·1) | 0 | 1 (0·4) | 0 | |
| Missing | 361 | ||||
| Treatment characteristics | |||||
| PD volume of treating hospital | 0·230 | ||||
| < 20 | 215 (18·8) | 79 (21·6) | 68 (17·8) | 68 (17·1) | |
| ≥ 20 | 930 (81·2) | 286 (78·4) | 315 (82·2) | 329 (82·9) | |
| Missing | 13 | ||||
| Preoperative biliary drainage | 525 (45·3) | 128 (34·3) | 185 (48·1) | 212 (53·0) | < 0·001 |
| Postoperative chemotherapy | 74 (6·4) | 27 (7·2) | 22 (5·7) | 25 (6·3) | 0·685 |
| Postoperative radiotherapy | 6 (0·5) | 3 (0·8) | 1 (0·3) | 2 (0·5) | 0·579 |
| 30‐day mortality (n = 1156) | 40 (3·5) | 15 (4·0) | 10 (2·6) | 15 (3·8) | 0·520 |
| 90‐day mortality (n = 1156) | 127 (11·0) | 48 (12·9) | 34 (8·9) | 45 (11·3) | 0·201 |
Values in parentheses are percentages unless indicated otherwise;
values are median (i.q.r.).
Basis for pathological diagnosis: histological confirmation of primary tumour, including autopsy (959 patients, 82·8 per cent); histological confirmation of distant metastasis only, including autopsy (130; 11·2 per cent); haematological or cytological confirmation, but unclear whether this concerned cytology or histology (69, 6·0 per cent). PD, pancreatoduodenectomy.
χ2 or Fisher's exact test, except
Kruskal–Wallis test.
| Total cohort (n = 2027) | Time interval ≤ 18 days (n = 677) | Time interval 19–32 days (n = 665) | P | Time interval ≥ 33 days (n = 685) | P | |
| Median OS (months) | 13·3 (12·3, 14·4) | 13·7 (11·5, 15·9) | 13·2 (11·7, 14·7) | 13·1 (11·3, 14·8) | ||
| Unadjusted HR | 1·00 (reference) | 0·93 (0·79, 1·10) | 0·415 | 1·03 (0·88, 1·22) | 0·680 | |
| Adjusted HR† | 1·00 (reference) | 0·90 (0·76, 1·06) | 0·201 | 0·98 (0·83, 1·15) | 0·814 | |
| Resection* | 886 (76·5) | 298 (79·9) | 297 (77·1) | 291 (72·8) | ||
| Unadjusted RR | 1·00 (reference) | 0·97 (0·90, 1·04) | 0·357 | 0·91 (0·84, 0·99) | 0·020 | |
| Adjusted RR† | 1·00 (reference) | 0·98 (0·90, 1·05) | 0·518 | 0·92 (0·85, 0·99) | 0·029 | |
| R0 resection* | 535 of 858 (62·4) | 189 of 288 (65·6) | 162 of 289 (56·1) | 184 of 281 (65·5) | ||
| Unadjusted RR | 1·00 (reference) | 0·85 (0·75, 0·98) | 0·019 | 1·00 (0·89, 1·12) | 0·971 | |
| Adjusted RR‡ | 1·00 (reference) | 0·86 (0·76, 0·99) | 0·033 | 1·02 (0·90, 1·15) | 0·754 |
Values in parentheses are 95 per cent c.i. unless indicated otherwise;
values in parentheses are percentages.
Adjusted for age and hospital volume;
adjusted for hospital volume. OS, overall survival; HR, hazard ratio; RR, relative risk.
The resection rate was lower in patients with a long interval compared with that in patients with a short time interval to surgery (72·8 versus 79·9 per cent respectively; unadjusted RR 0·91, 95 per cent c.i. 0·84 to 0·98, P = 0·020). This difference persisted when adjusted for the potential confounders age and hospital volume (RR 0·92, 0·85 to 0·99, P = 0·029).
In addition, the R0 resection rate was lower in patients with an intermediate interval compared with that in those with a short time interval to surgery (56·1 versus 65·6 per cent respectively; unadjusted RR 0·85, 95 per cent c.i. 0·75 to 0·98, P = 0·019). When adjusted for the potential confounder of hospital volume, the R0 resection rate was lower (RR 0·86, 0·76 to 0·99, P = 0·033). As in the total cohort, the R0 resection rate of 65·0 per cent in patients with a long interval to surgery was not significantly different from that in patients with a short interval.
In this population‐based study including over 2000 patients with cancer of the pancreatic head and periampullary region scheduled for pancreatoduodenectomy, no relationships were observed between the time interval from the last MDT meeting to surgery and overall survival and resection rate. In a subgroup analysis of patients with PDAC, resection rates were higher in those with a short interval, with no impact on overall survival. The R0 resection rate was lower for both the total cohort and the subgroup of patients with PDAC with an intermediate interval to surgery, compared with that in patients with a short interval, but this was not found when the time interval was longer.
Time to surgery in relation to the prognosis of patients with pancreatic and periampullary cancer has been investigated in a few other studies. Results from the present study are concordant with those of most other studies5–8,20,21, which found a longer interval to surgery was not associated with overall survival. One single‐centre study9 of 170 patients found that diagnostic delay (time from onset of signs and symptoms to date of pathological diagnosis) was associated with worse overall survival (HR 1·02, 95 per cent c.i. 1·01 to 1·04; P < 0·001). In another study4 worse overall survival was observed in patients with a time interval longer than 1 month, but only in low‐volume centres. One study10 showed that overall survival was slightly worse when the interval to surgery was short (1–14 days), with a short time interval related to low‐volume centres. These authors concluded that delays for medical optimization and referral to high‐volume surgeons might be safe.
The effect of time interval to surgery on resection rate has been investigated in a few studies, and also showed conflicting results. One study11 found a lower resection rate when the interval was longer in patients with pancreatic cancer, whereas three other studies showed that time interval was not associated with resection rate in patients with pancreatic cancer6, pancreatic head cancer7 or periampullary adenocarcinoma20.
From the perspective of patients diagnosed with resectable cancer, their quality of life seemed best when surgery was performed as soon as possible after the indication had been set22,23. The lack of effect of time to surgery on overall survival implies that clinicians may reassure patients that the time interval does not affect prognosis. For some patients, postponing surgery to allow for time to improve their physical condition for major surgery may improve quality of care.
The finding that patients with PDAC and a long interval to surgery had a lower resection rate may be explained by the aggressiveness of PDAC. These tumours may rapidly become unresectable owing to local tumour progression and involvement of adjacent structures, or due to distant metastases24,25.
Survival is the most relevant oncological outcome, and survival was similar regardless of the interval to surgery. Some patients who had an early resection may have developed distant metastases during the early postoperative phase. With a longer time interval, some patients may have been spared unnecessary resection, in the sense that resection would not have improved their overall survival.
Another striking finding in patients with PDAC, also observed in the total cohort, was that the R0 resection rate was 67·0 per cent with a short time interval, 56·3 per cent with an intermediate interval, and then increased again to 65·0 per cent with a long time interval. Possibly, in the latter group, patients with poorer tumour characteristics may have been filtered out during the longer time interval, resulting in a higher R0 resection rate, although this is speculative. Overall, the interpretation of the relationship between time interval to surgery and the resection rate of patients with PDAC is not unambiguous.
The results of this study should be interpreted in the light of some limitations. Time to treatment can be defined by several starting points, such as onset of symptoms, visit to the general practitioner, visit to the outpatient clinic, the diagnosis established by imaging, the diagnosis established by pathological investigation or the MDT meeting. The authors chose the latter because these data were available in the NCR. Choosing this time point for the definition of time interval may have introduced bias. Prolongation of the interval may already have occurred during the diagnostic process, for example by preoperative biliary drainage or referral to a specialist centre. Although the main strength of this study is its population‐based design, one of the limitations of these registries is that detailed information is often lacking. The timing of the MDT meeting may vary between hospitals. Some hospitals discuss their patients in the beginning of the diagnostic process and others at the end, when this process and also the workup for surgery has been completed. In patients who had biliary drainage, it is uncertain whether the last MDT had been before or after the drainage.
Patients who had neoadjuvant therapy were excluded from this study. There is increasing evidence that neoadjuvant treatment improves the prognosis of patients with PDAC. The recently completed PREOPANC trial15, which compared neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery and adjuvant therapy with the standard of care, demonstrated improved overall survival. These findings cannot be extrapolated to patients who had neoadjuvant therapy.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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; L. G. van der Geest 5 ; de Hingh, I H 6 ; van Santvoort, H C 7 ; Besselink, M G 2 ; Gerhards, M F 3 1 Department of Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
2 Department of Surgery, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
3 Department of Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
4 Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
5 Department of Research, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (IKNL), Eindhoven, the Netherlands
6 Regional Academic Cancer Centre Utrecht, St Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein and University Medical Centre, Utrecht Cancer Centre Utrecht, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
7 Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands