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© 2020. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Cobalt (Co) is an important bioactive trace metal that is the metal cofactor in cobalamin (vitamin B12) which can limit or co-limit phytoplankton growth in many regions of the ocean. Total dissolved and labile Co measurements in the Canadian sector of the Arctic Ocean during the U.S. GEOTRACES Arctic expedition (GN01) and the Canadian International Polar Year GEOTRACES expedition (GIPY14) revealed a dynamic biogeochemical cycle for Co in this basin. The major sources of Co in the Arctic were from shelf regions and rivers, with only minimal contributions from other freshwater sources (sea ice, snow) and eolian deposition. The most striking feature was the extremely high concentrations of dissolved Co in the upper 100 m, with concentrations routinely exceeding 800 pmol L-1 over the shelf regions. This plume of high Co persisted throughout the Arctic basin and extended to the North Pole, where sources of Co shifted from primarily shelf-derived to riverine, as freshwater from Arctic rivers was entrained in the Transpolar Drift. Dissolved Co was also strongly organically complexed in the Arctic, ranging from 70 % to 100 % complexed in the surface and deep ocean, respectively. Deep-water concentrations of dissolved Co were remarkably consistent throughout the basin (55 pmol L-1), with concentrations reflecting those of deep Atlantic water and deep-ocean scavenging of dissolved Co. A biogeochemical model of Co cycling was used to support the hypothesis that the majority of the high surface Co in the Arctic was emanating from the shelf. The model showed that the high concentrations of Co observed were due to the large shelf area of the Arctic, as well as to dampened scavenging of Co by manganese-oxidizing (Mn-oxidizing) bacteria due to the lower temperatures. The majority of this scavenging appears to have occurred in the upper 200 m, with minimal additional scavenging below this depth. Evidence suggests that both dissolved Co (dCo) and labile Co (LCo) are increasing over time on the Arctic shelf, and these limited temporal results are consistent with other tracers in the Arctic. These elevated surface concentrations of Co likely lead to a net flux of Co out of the Arctic, with implications for downstream biological uptake of Co in the North Atlantic and elevated Co in North Atlantic Deep Water. Understanding the current distributions of Co in the Arctic will be important for constraining changes to Co inputs resulting from regional intensification of freshwater fluxes from ice and permafrost melt in response to ongoing climate change.

Details

Title
Elevated sources of cobalt in the Arctic Ocean
Author
Bundy, Randelle M 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Tagliabue, Alessandro 2 ; Hawco, Nicholas J 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Morton, Peter L 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Twining, Benjamin S 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hatta, Mariko 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Noble, Abigail E 7 ; Cape, Mattias R 1 ; John, Seth G 8 ; Cullen, Jay T 9   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Saito, Mak A 10   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA; now at: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 
 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom 
 Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA; Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai`i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA 
 National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL, USA 
 Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA 
 Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai`i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA 
 Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA; now at: California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, CA, USA 
 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 
 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada 
10  Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA 
Pages
4745-4767
Publication year
2020
Publication date
2020
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
ISSN
17264170
e-ISSN
17264189
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2447507247
Copyright
© 2020. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.