Bistriopelma fabianae, una nueva especie de tarántula (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) de un bosque de Queñua en el sur de Perú

Abstract

Introduction Theraphosidae is the most diverse family of mygalomorph spiders, with 984 described species known to date (World Spider Catalog 2020), however, theraphosids are also known for their great morphological homogeneity which makes difficult the diagnosis and identification of species (Raven 1985; Pérez-Miles et al. 1996; Bertani 2000; Perafán & Pérez-Miles 2014; Ferretti 2015; Lapinski et al. 2018). The new genus Bistriopelma Kaderka 2015 was created to accommodate Peruvian tarantulas having two abdominal dorsolateral patches of the type III urticating setae, two subparallel seminal receptacles that ended with transverse oval lobes in females and male palpal bulb with long, sigmoidal curved embolus carrying two prolateral keels, superior and inferior prolateral keel. Specimens were examined using a ZEISS Stemi 305 stereomicroscope and digital images were taken with a Canon PowerShot SX530 HS digital camera directly or via eyepiece of the stereomicroscope according to the central axis of structures. Male holotype (MUSA-AR 001) from PERU, Arequipa, buffer zone of Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reserve, Chiguata, El Simbral, Queñua forest (Poiyiepis ruguiosa Bitter), 16°23'27.14"S 71°19'5.47"W, 4060 m a.s.l., 21 May 2015, O. M. Quispe-Colca col.; male paratype (MUSA-AR 103) ibid., Caccayaco, Queñua forest (Poiyiepis ruguiosa Bitter), 16°25'41.90"S 71°20'446"W, 3547 m a.s.l., 13 January 2018, O. M. Quispe-Colca col.; female paratype (MUSA-AR 104) ibid., Caccayaco, Queñua forest (Poiyiepis ruguiosa Bitter), 16°25'37.40"S 71°19'59.09"W, 3575 m a.s.l., 13 January 2018, O. M. Quispe-Colca col.; female paratype (MUSA-AR 105) ibid., Caccayaco, Queñua forest (Poiyiepis ruguiosa Bitter), 16°25'44.01"S 71°20'7.89"W, 3535 m a.s.l., 13 January 2018, O. M. Quispe-Colca col. Diagnosis: Specimens of Bistriopeima fabianae sp. nov. differ from B. matuskai and B. peyoi in the presence of fovea (absent in B. matuskai and B. peyoi).

Headnote

Resumen

Se describe, diagnostica e ilustra una nueva especie de Bistriopelma Kaderka 2015, Bistriopelma fabianae sp. nov., para la región de Arequipa en el sur de Perú. Los especímenes se encontraron en un bosque de Queñua (Polylepis rugulosa Bitter) ubicado en las faldas del volcán Pichu Pichu en la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva Nacional de Salinas y Aguada Blanca. Se presentan datos biológicos y ecológicos de B. fabianae sp. nov. y también notas adicionales sobre B. kiwicha y B. peyoi, dos nuevas especies recientemente descritas de las regiones de Apurímac y Cusco.

Abstract

A new species of Bistriopelma Kaderka 2015, Bistriopelma fabianae sp. nov., from the Arequipa region in southern Peru is described, diagnosed, and illustrated. Specimens were found in a Queñua forest (Polylepis rugulosa Bitter) spread out on the slopes of Pichu Pichu volcano in the buffer zone of Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reserve. Biological and ecological data of B. fabianae sp. nov. are provided as well as notes on B. kiwicha and B. peyoi, two new species recently described from Apurimac and Cusco regions.

Palabras clave:

Andes; Mygalomorphae; Polylepis; taxonomía; Arequipa, especie nueva; biodiversidad.

Keywords:

Andes; Mygalomorphae; Polylepis; taxonomy; Arequipa; new specie; biodiversity.

Introduction

Theraphosidae is the most diverse family of mygalomorph spiders, with 984 described species known to date (World Spider Catalog 2020), however, theraphosids are also known for their great morphological homogeneity which makes difficult the diagnosis and identification of species (Raven 1985; Pérez-Miles et al. 1996; Bertani 2000; Perafán & Pérez-Miles 2014; Ferretti 2015; Lapinski et al. 2018).

The new genus Bistriopelma Kaderka 2015 was created to accommodate Peruvian tarantulas having two abdominal dorsolateral patches of the type III urticating setae, two subparallel seminal receptacles that ended with transverse oval lobes in females and male palpal bulb with long, sigmoidal curved embolus carrying two prolateral keels, superior and inferior prolateral keel. In 2017, after a field work carried out in Peru, the same author collected and described the male of B. matuskai Kaderka 2015 and described a new species from Puno, B. titicaca Kaderka 2017. Recently, two new species have been described from Apurimac and Cusco (Nicoletta et al. 2020) and to date, this genus is represented by five species that inhabit the Andean region in Peru: B. lamasi Kaderka 2015, B. matuskai Kaderka 2015, B. titicaca Kaderka 2017, B. peyoi Nicoletta, Chaparro, Mamani, Ochoa, West & Ferretti, 2020 and B. kiwicha Nicoletta, Chaparro, Mamani, Ochoa, West & Ferretti, 2020 (World Spider Catalog 2020).

The female paratype of B. kiwicha appears to be an immature specimen in comparison with the carapace length of the male holotype, or may belong to a different species inhabiting geographically similar area above Urcos (pers. obs., in prep.), approximately 20 km far from B. kiwicha paratype. The carapace length of the female paratype reaches only 60 per cent of male carapace length. This female paratype was found approximately 12 km far from the male holotype locality at the other bank of the Urubamba River. For those reasons, we suggest a comparative analysis for males and females from both populations of B. kiwicha to accurately assess the taxonomic status of B. kiwicha paratype. In regards to B. peyoi, the original description of the male holotype (Nicoletta et al. 2020) shows instead the palp of B. kiwicha and after communicating it to the authors they sent us the right illustration, which is presented here with their consent (Nicoletta & Ferretti, pers. comm.).

In June 2017, a single male of the genus Bistriopelma was deposited in the arachnid collection of the Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa (MUSA). The spider was found in a Polylepis rugulosa forest located on the slopes of Pichu Pichu volcano, Buffer Zone of Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reserve, Arequipa. Later, in January 2018, a single male and two females were collected during fieldwork in a nearby area of the same forest. In the present work, a new species of Bistriopelma is described, diagnosed, and illustrated. The occurrence of Bistriopelma in this forest highlights the importance of conserving the Polylepis forests in the Arequipa region.

Material and methods

Abbreviations: Eye sizes and interdistances: AME = anterior median eyes, ALE = anterior lateral eyes, OQ = ocular quadrangle (including lateral eyes), PME = posterior median eyes, PLE = posterior lateral eyes. Spination: d = dorsal, p = prolateral, r = retrolateral, v = ventral. Cymbium: RL = retrolateral. Male palpal bulb: E = embolus, PI = prolateral inferior keel, PS = prolateral superior keel, T = tegulum. Cheliceral teeth pattern: v = small teeth, V = big teeth, - = space. PLS = posterior lateral spinnerets, PMS = posterior median spinnerets. Collections: MUSA = Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru. MUSM = Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. MUBI = Museo de Biodiversidad del Perú, Cusco, Peru. MCZ = Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, U.S.A. m a.s.l. = meters above sea level.

Specimens were examined using a ZEISS Stemi 305 stereomicroscope and digital images were taken with a Canon PowerShot SX530 HS digital camera directly or via eyepiece of the stereomicroscope according to the central axis of structures. Line drawings were traced by hand according to the photos, using a transparent foil. All measurements are given in millimeters using a digital dial caliper with an error of 0.01 mm. The measurement of the total body length includes cephalothorax and abdomen, excluding chelicerae and spinnerets. The measurements of the leg and palpal segments were taken dorsally. The eye measurements were taken from the widest spans of the lens, AME in dorsal view, ALE, PLE and PME in dorsolateral view.

The extent of tarsal and metatarsal scopulae on ventral side of both leg segments was expressed as a percentage of the total length of segment, from the apical end.

The leg spination was described using the following method: each leg segment was divided into four quadrants (ventral, prolateral, retrolateral and dorsal) and each quadrant described separately in basal, central and apical section, e.g. metatarsus I v 1-0-3 means that in the ventral plane (quadrant) there is one spine in basal section and three spines in apical section. If the bases of all three spine in apical section are located apically, then their position would be described by the term "apical" in brackets as in Bertani (2001). Unequal numbers of spines on the right and left side of the same leg segment were expressed by parentheses.

The denticulation of paired tarsal claws is described separately for prolateral and retrolateral claw (prolateral/retrolateral).

To make a proper examination, the female genitalia was detached from abdomen. The terminology of male palpal bulb structures follows Bertani (2000). The terminology of subapical apophyses on tibia I follows Vol (2000) and Kaderka (2015).

The abdominal urticating setae were removed by forceps, placed in alcohol, and examined by a stereomicroscope. The terminology of urticating setae follows Cooke et al. (1972).

GPS coordinates were obtained using a Garmin MAP62s. The distribution map of the genus Bistriopelma was prepared using Arc-GIS (version 10.1).

Other material examined: Bistriopelma sp., male and female (MUSM-ENT 0511177) from PERU, Puno, Titicaca Lake, Isla Amantani, 3900 m a.s.l., March 1948, Fortunato Blancas col.

Taxonomy

Order: Araneae Clerck 1757

Family: Theraphosidae Thorell 1869

Subfamily: Theraphosinae Thorell 1869

Genus: Bistriopelma Kaderka 2015

Bistriopelma fabianae Quispe-Colca and Kaderka sp. nov.

Figures 1 - 5, 6A, 6B, 8, Tables 1 - 2

Type material: Male holotype (MUSA-AR 001) from PERU, Arequipa, buffer zone of Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reserve, Chiguata, El Simbral, Queñua forest (Poiyiepis ruguiosa Bitter), 16°23'27.14"S 71°19'5.47"W, 4060 m a.s.l., 21 May 2015, O. M. Quispe-Colca col.; male paratype (MUSA-AR 103) ibid., Caccayaco, Queñua forest (Poiyiepis ruguiosa Bitter), 16°25'41.90"S 71°20'446"W, 3547 m a.s.l., 13 January 2018, O. M. Quispe-Colca col.; female paratype (MUSA-AR 104) ibid., Caccayaco, Queñua forest (Poiyiepis ruguiosa Bitter), 16°25'37.40"S 71°19'59.09"W, 3575 m a.s.l., 13 January 2018, O. M. Quispe-Colca col.; female paratype (MUSA-AR 105) ibid., Caccayaco, Queñua forest (Poiyiepis ruguiosa Bitter), 16°25'44.01"S 71°20'7.89"W, 3535 m a.s.l., 13 January 2018, O. M. Quispe-Colca col.

Diagnosis: Specimens of Bistriopeima fabianae sp. nov. differ from B. matuskai and B. peyoi in the presence of fovea (absent in B. matuskai and B. peyoi). Males of B. fabianae sp. nov. differ from the rest of congeners in the presence of a short apophysis between cymbial lobes, which is densely covered with short spiniform setae. Males also differ in the different leg pattern (I>n>IV>IU in B. fabianae sp. nov. and B. kiwicha, I>IV>n>IU in B. iamasi and B. titicaca). They differ from males of B. kiwicha in the flattened subtegulum (domed in B. kiwicha). Females of B. fabianae sp. nov. differ from B. iamasi in having fined-grained seminal receptacles (larges granules in B. iamasi) and in the different leg pattern (I>IV>U>UI in B. fabianae sp. nov. and IV>I>n>III in B. iamasi). They differ from B. iamasi and B. titicaca in the procurved fovea (straight in B. iamasi and B. titicaca), from B. kiwicha in the spermathecal apical lobes having two ventral projections (without such projections in B. kiwicha) and in having a long spermathecal neck (short and tapering in B. kiwicha); and from B. titicaca in the long spermathecal neck (short in B. titicaca).

Etymology: This species is named in honor of Fabiana Colca, first author's mother, for her company and great assistance during his thesis field research.

Distribution: Known only from the type locality in Chiguata, buffer zone of Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reserve, Arequipa, Peru (Figures 2, 8).

MALE HOLOTYPE (MUSA-AR 001): Total length 20.23; carapace (Figure 3A) length 9.54, width 8.85; chelicerae with 9 teeth on promargin. Cheliceral teeth pattern from the basal end: right side: VVVVVVV-V-V Left side: VVVVVVVV-v. Anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.24 (circular), ALE 0.28 (oval), PME 0.21 (oval), PLE 0.31 (oval), AME-AME 0.18, AME-ALE 0.11, PME-PME 0.66, PME-PLE 0.07, ALE-PLE 0.16, AME-PME 0.13, OQ length 0.67, width 1.33. Ocular tubercle strongly elevated, almost rounded (Figures 3C), length 1.04, width 1.33, clypeus narrow, 0.38 wide. Fovea transverse, deep (Figure 3A), width 1.91, 5.79 from the anterior edge of carapace. Labium length 1.34, width 1.57, anterior third with 9 cuspules, maxillae with 70-72 cuspules, located anteriorly in basal half on distinct basal tubercle (Figure 3G). Apical half of maxilla with short spiniform setae. Sternum (Figure 3B), length 4.37, width 4.13, with three pairs of sternal sigilla located near coxae III (oval, 0.19 long, 0.69 from the edge of sternum), coxae II (oval, 0.13 long, 0.34 from the edge of sternum) and near coxae I (circular, 0.12 long, 0.27 from the edge of sternum). Leg pattern: I>II>IV>III. Leg segments not incrassated. Leg measurements are presented in Table 1.

All tarsi, 100% scopulate, metatarsi I 100%, metatarsi II 90%, metatarsi III 50% and metatarsi IV 30% scopulate. Tarsi I-II with scopulae entire, with a thin longitudinal row of long setae, tarsi III-IV divided by a band of setae. Dorsal face of all tarsi and cymbium with two irregular longitudinal rows of very short claviform trichobothria. Denticulation pattern of paired tarsal claws on legs (prolateral/ retrolateral row): Right: I 5/6, II 4/4, III 4/4, IV 4/3; Left: I 5/6, II 5/2, III 3/4, IV 3/2. Plumose setae on retrolateral face of femur IV absent. Maxillary and trochanteral stridulatory bristles absent. Prolateral faces of coxae I and II densely covered with short spiniform setae.

Leg spination: Femora I p 0-0-(2-1), II p 1-(2-1)-1, III p 0-1-1, r 0-0-1, IV r 1-(1-0)-(1-0) and femora of palps 0; patellae I - IV and patellae of palps 0; tibiae I v (2-3)-2-0, p 1-(0-1)-(1-2), r 1-(1-0)-0, II v (4-3)-(3-1)-4 (apical), p 0-1-1, III v 2-2-3 (apical), p 0-(1-2)-0, r 1-1-0, IV v (1-0)-2-2 (apical), p 0-(1-0)-0, r 1-0-1 and tibiae of palps 0; metatarsi I v 0-0-1 (apical), p 1-0-0, II v 0-1-3 (apical), III v 2-2-3 (apical), p 0-(2-1)-0, r 1-1-0, IV v (1-0)-2-2 (apical), p 0-(1-0)-0, r 1-0-1; tarsi I - IV and tarsi of palps 0.

Pedipalp: Cymbial lobes of different sizes, prolateral lobe distinctly larger than retrolateral one. In the area between lobes there is a short apophysis densely covered with short spiniform setae. RL cymbial lobe (Figures 4A-C) is also covered with short spiniform setae. Palpal bulb (Figures 4D, 4E) with a narrow embolus projecting retrolaterally from tegulum, sigmoidly curved, and with two smooth subparallel prolateral keels, PS and PI keel. Tegulum with short conical basal apophysis. Palpal tibia is tapering to the apex, without retrolateral process.

Tibia I: Tibial apophysis with two branches of different sizes (Figures 4F, 4G): the first one is a long ventral branch with a single apical spine and two basal retrolateral spines, and the second one is a short prolateral branch with a single inner spine, approximately of the same length. Slightly bent metatarsus I contacts the apex of ventral tibial apophysis when flexed.

Abdomen (Figures 3D, 3E): With type III urticating setae located in two dorsolateral patches, 3.29 distant from each other. Urticating setae patch (Figure 3F): length 4.85, width 2.32. Abdomen length 10.05, width 6.67. PLS three-segmented, length 3.30, basal segment 1.41, middle segment 0.62, apical segment 1.27, all digitiform. PMS (one segment), length 0.95.

Coloration (in life): Dorsal view: carapace dark brown, widely covered with coppery-brown setae between anterior edge of ocular tubercle and fovea, and long coppery-brown setae on margins. Ocular tubercle black. Legs dark brown with abundant long copperybrown setae, mainly on femora, as well as long pale setae. Abdomen dark brown widely covered with long coppery-brown setae extending from the base of abdomen towards the two dorsolateral patches of urticating setae, arranged diagonally to the longitudinal body axis. Patellae I, II and palpal patella with two almost equal longitudinal stripes without covering setae, patellae III, IV with two unequal diagonal stripes without covering setae. Ventral view: Labium and maxillae light brown. Sternum and coxae dark brown. Legs with long pale setae, femora with abundant long coppery-brown setae, all tarsi with iridescent scopulae. Abdomen dark brown, except for area above epigastric scutum and both posterior booklungs which are brown. Spinnerets dark brown.

Female paratype (MUSA-AR 105): Total length: 22.31; carapace (Figure 5A), length 11.2, width 9.39; chelicerae with 9 teeth on promargin. Cheliceral teeth pattern from the basal end: right side: V-VVVVV-V-Vv. Left side: VVVVVV-V-Vv. Anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior eye row recurved. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.36 (circular), ALE 0.37 (oval), PME 0.31 (oval), PLE 0.41 (oval), AME-AME 0.23, AME-ALE 0.15, PMEPME 0.74, PME-PLE 0.05, ALE-PLE 0.18, AME-PME 0.12, OQ length 0.77, width 1.62. Ocular tubercle elevated, almost rounded (Figure 5C), length 1.31, width 1.62, clypeus narrow, 0.32 wide. Fovea transverse, deep, slightly procurved (Figure 5A), width 2.16, 7.34 from the anterior edge of carapace. Labium length 1.22, width 1.75, anterior third with 8 cuspules, maxillae with 104-113 cuspules, located anteriorly in basal half on distinct basal tubercle (Figure 5G). Apical half of maxilla is ventrally covered with short spiniform setae.

Sternum (Figure 5B), length 4.97, width 4.87, three pairs of sternal sigilla located near coxae III (oval, 0.20 long, 0.81 from the edge of sternum), coxae II (oval, 0.19 long, 0.64 from the edge of sternum) and near coxae I (circular, 0.10 long, 0.51 from the edge of sternum). Leg pattern: I>IV>II>III. Incrassate leg segments absent. Leg measurements are presented in Table 2.

All tarsi 100% scopulate, metatarsi I 100%, metatarsi II 80%, metatarsi III 50% and metatarsi IV 30% scopulate. Tarsi I-II with scopula entire, tarsi III-IV divided by a wide band of setae. Dorsal face of all tarsi with two irregular longitudinal rows of very short claviform trichobothria. Denticulation pattern of paired tarsal claw on legs (prolateral/retrolateral): right: I 0/0, II 1/4, III 2/2, IV 1/0; left: I 0/0, II 4/1, III 2/0, IV 2/1. Plumose setae on retrolateral face of femur IV absent. Prolateral face of coxa I-IV densely covered with short spiniform setae.

Leg spination: Femora I p 0-0-1, II p 0-0-1, III-IV 0 and femora of palps p 0-0-1; patellae I - IV and patellae of palps 0; tibiae I v 0-1-1 (apical), p 0-0-1, II v 0-1-2, p 0-10, III v 0-0-2 (apical), p 0-1-0, r 0-1-0, IV v 0-0-1 (apical), r 0-0-1 and tibiae of palps v 1-2-3 (apical); metatarsi I v 1-0-1 (apical), II v 1-0-2 (apical), III v 0-2-3 (apical), p 0-1-1, r 0-1-1, IV v 0-0-3 (apical), p 0-0-1, r 0-1-1; tarsi I - IV and tarsi of palps 0.

Spermathecae (Figure 6A): Two separated seminal receptacles, fined grained, each distally terminated with transverse oval lobe, having two ventral projections.

Abdomen (Figures 5D, 5E): With type III urticating setae located in two dorsolateral patches, 3.65 distant from each other. Urticating setae patch (Figure 5F): length 5.48, width 2.03. PLS three-segmented, length 4.08, basal segment 1.87, middle segment 1.12, apical segment 1.09, all digitiform. PMS mono-segmented, length 1.19.

Coloration: Dorsal view: Carapace dark brown, with coppery-brown setae in a row between anterior edge of ocular tubercle and fovea, and long coppery-brown setae on margins. Legs dark brown with long coppery-brown setae, mainly on femora, as well as long pale setae. Abdomen dark brown, covered with long coppery-brown setae, in the areas of two dorsolateral patches of urticating setae thicker and arranged diagonally to the longitudinal body axis. Patellae I, II and palpal patella with two almost equal parallel longitudinal stripes without covering setae, patellae III, IV with two unequal diagonal stripes without covering setae. Ventral view: Dark brown, except for reddish brown maxillae and labium. Sternum covered with long coppery-brown setae. Legs with long pale setae, femora with abundant long coppery-brown setae, all tarsi with iridescent scopulae. Spinnerets dark brown.

Variation: Shape differences in the spermathecae are shown in Figures 6A-6B.

Biological and ecological notes: Bistriopelma fabianae sp. nov. represents the first official record of the family Theraphosidae in the Arequipa region, as well as the southernmost and lowest altitude record for the genus. The habitat of B. fabianae sp. nov is "Queñua" forest (Polylepis rugulosa Bitter) on the slopes of Pichu Pichu volcano approximately in altitudes between 3500 and 4200 m a.s.l. in the buffer zone of Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reserve, Arequipa, Peru. This forest is located on the steep slopes with sandy-clay and stony soils, in cold and arid environment of dry Puna (Mendoza et al. 2010).

The mean annual temperatures are about 3 - 8 °C, with the mean annual precipitation of approximately 300 mm, being January to March the wettest months (INRENA 2007, Mendoza et al. 2010). The male holotype was collected manually on May 2015 (autumn), it was found under a stone without any apparent shelter; the female paratype was also collected manually on January 2018 (summer) inside a short burrow under a stone. Polylepis rugulosa is categorized as Vulnerable (D. S. 0432006-AG) and IUCN (World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998), the forest is widespread in the buffer zone of Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reserve, however, it is exposed to constant logging and cattle overgrazing. In addition, the forest at El Simbral is highly fragmented caused by an unpaved road crossing throughout the forest. The ongoing habitat loss highlights the need to include the Polylepis forest in the national system of protected areas where its conservation and better management may be assured, and with it, other species, that appear to specialize on this kind of forests.

Sidebar

Trabajos orIgInales

Presentado: 18/06/2019

Aceptado: 15/04/2020

Publicado online: 31/08/2020

Editor: Diana Silva

Citación

Quispe-Colca OM, Kaderka R. 2020. Bistriopelma fabianae, a new species of tarantula (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) from a Queñua forest in southern Peru. Revista peruana de biología 27(3): 273- 282 (Agosto 2020). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb. v27i3.16295

Publicación registrada en Zoobank/ZooBank article registered:

LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BB9DF4D9-6684-46AF-9D15-71FEC64CD032

Acto nomenclatural/nomenclatural act:

Bistriopelma fabianae Quispe-Colca and Kaderka, 2020

LSIDurn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B63485CD-C00D-4E93-AF02-914AD9A566DA

Agradecimientos / Acknowledgments:

We are grateful to the following persons who collaborated on this manuscript. To Luis Arapa, Vanessa Quequejana and Cinthya Salas for their great help with fieldwork and collecting specimens. To Lizbeth G. Quispe-Colca, who helped us to prepare the distribution map. To Micaela Nicoletta and Nelson Ferretti, who independently provided the figures of male palpal bulb of Bistriopelma peyoi.

Conflicto de intereses / Competing interests:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Rol de los autores / Authors Roles:

OMQC and RK: Conceptualization; Formal analysis; Investigation; Writing-Preparation of the original draft; Drafting: review and editing.

Fuentes de fínanciamiento / Funding:

The authors declare, this work not received specific funding.

Aspectos éticos / legales; Ethics / legals:

There are no ethical aspects to declare since it is a review. This work was possible through collecting permit N°0044-2017-SER-FOR-ATFFS-AREQUIPA.

References

Literature cited

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