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Abstract
There are few studies examining the association between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the risk of hypertension with consideration for folate and vitamin B12 as related to Hcy level. We simultaneously examined the associations of plasma levels of Hcy, folate, and vitamin B12, and dietary folate intake with the prevalence of hypertension. Participants included 1046 men and 1033 women (mean age ± standard deviation: 56.0 ± 8.9 years) in the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study. Dietary folate intake was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Hypertension was defined based on measured blood pressure and use of antihypertensive medication. A total of 734 participants (35.3%) had hypertension. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of hypertension for the highest quartile group of Hcy were 2.36 (95% CI 1.41–3.96) in men and 1.86 (95% CI 1.11–3.11) in women, as compared with the lowest group (P for trend = 0.014 and 0.005, respectively). Dietary folate intake was not correlated with hypertension in both men and women (P for trend = 0.099 and 0.703, respectively). Plasma vitamin B12 was positively associated with hypertension only in women (P for trend = 0.027). Plasma Hcy level was positively linked with hypertension after controlling for covariates, including folate and vitamin B12.
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1 Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (GRID:grid.27476.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 978X)
2 Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.272458.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0667 4960)
3 Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (GRID:grid.27476.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 978X); Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Nagakute, Japan (GRID:grid.411234.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0727 1557)
4 Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (GRID:grid.27476.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 978X); Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Oral Epidemiology, Hiroshima, Japan (GRID:grid.257022.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 8711 3200)
5 Shiga University of Medical Science, Department of Public Health, Otsu, Japan (GRID:grid.410827.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 9747 6806); Kindai University, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan (GRID:grid.258622.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9967)
6 Shiga University of Medical Science, Department of Public Health, Otsu, Japan (GRID:grid.410827.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 9747 6806)
7 Saga University, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan (GRID:grid.412339.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 1172 4459)
8 Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Public Health, Nagoya, Japan (GRID:grid.260433.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 1069)
9 Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan (GRID:grid.258333.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 1167 1801)
10 Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Environmental Medicine and Infectious Disease, Fukuoka, Japan (GRID:grid.177174.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2242 4849)
11 Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Nagoya, Japan (GRID:grid.410800.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0722 8444)
12 Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Division of Cancer Information and Control, Nagoya, Japan (GRID:grid.410800.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0722 8444); Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Descriptive Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya, Japan (GRID:grid.27476.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 978X)
13 Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba, Japan (GRID:grid.418490.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1764 921X)
14 University of Shizuoka, Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan (GRID:grid.469280.1) (ISNI:0000 0000 9209 9298)
15 Tokushima University Graduate School, Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan (GRID:grid.267335.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 1092 3579)
16 Tokushima University Graduate School, Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan (GRID:grid.267335.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 1092 3579); University of Hyogo, College of Nursing Art and Science, Akashi, Japan (GRID:grid.266453.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0724 9317)