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Abstract
Growth and development of cereal crops are linked to weather, day length and growing degree-days (GDDs) which make them responsive to the specific environments in specific seasons. Global temperature is rising due to human activities such as burning of fossil fuels and clearance of woodlands for building construction. The rise in temperature disrupts crop growth and development. Disturbance mainly causes a shift in phenological development of crops and affects their economic yield. Scientists and farmers adapt to these phenological shifts, in part, by changing sowing time and cultivar shifts which may increase or decrease crop growth duration. Nonetheless, climate warming is a global phenomenon and cannot be avoided. In this scenario, food security can be ensured by improving cereal production through agronomic management, breeding of climate-adapted genotypes and increasing genetic biodiversity. In this review, climate warming, its impact and consequences are discussed with reference to their influences on phenological shifts. Furthermore, how different cereal crops adapt to climate warming by regulating their phenological development is elaborated. Based on the above mentioned discussion, different management strategies to cope with climate warming are suggested.
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Details
1 Bahauddin Zakariya University, Department of Agronomy, Multan, Pakistan (GRID:grid.411501.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0228 333X)
2 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Umeå, Sweden (GRID:grid.6341.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 8578 2742); Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Department of Agronomy, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (GRID:grid.440552.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9296 8318)
3 Bahauddin Zakariya University, Department of Agronomy, Multan, Pakistan (GRID:grid.411501.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0228 333X); Murdoch University, Agriculture Discipline, College of Science Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch, Australia (GRID:grid.1025.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 0436 6763)
4 Bahauddin Zakariya University, College of Agriculture, Layyah, Pakistan (GRID:grid.411501.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0228 333X)
5 Bahauddin Zakariya University, Department of Soil Science, Multan, Pakistan (GRID:grid.411501.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0228 333X)
6 Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Cotton Botanist, Cotton Research Station, Faisalabad, Pakistan (GRID:grid.464523.2)
7 Citrus Research Institute Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan (GRID:grid.464523.2)
8 University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Department of Botany, Faisalabad, Pakistan (GRID:grid.413016.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0607 1563)
9 Bahauddin Zakariya University, Department of Horticulture, Multan, Pakistan (GRID:grid.411501.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0228 333X)