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Abstract
We present isotopic and morphometric evidence suggesting the migration of farmers in the southern Andes in the period AD 1270–1420, leading up to the Inka conquest occurring ~ AD 1400. This is based on the interdisciplinary study of human remains from archaeological cemeteries in the Andean Uspallata Valley (Argentina), located in the southern frontier of the Inka Empire. The studied samples span AD 800–1500, encompassing the highly dynamic Late Intermediate Period and culminating with the imperial expansion. Our research combines a macro-regional study of human paleomobility and migration based on a new strontium isoscape across the Andes that allows identifying locals and migrants, a geometric morphometric analysis of cranio-facial morphology suggesting separate ancestral lineages, and a paleodietary reconstruction based on stable isotopes showing that the migrants had diets exceptionally high in C4 plants and largely based on maize agriculture. Significantly, this migration influx occurred during a period of regional demographic increase and would have been part of a widespread period of change in settlement patterns and population movements that preceded the Inka expansion. These processes increased local social diversity and may have been subsequently utilized by the Inka to channel interaction with the local societies.
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1 Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Laboratorio de Paleoecología Humana, Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mendoza, Argentina (GRID:grid.412108.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2185 5065); Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Mendoza, Argentina (GRID:grid.412108.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2185 5065)
2 University of Bonn, Department of Anthropology of the Americas, Bonn, Germany (GRID:grid.10388.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2240 3300); Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria (GRID:grid.10388.32)
3 University of Cape Town, Department of Geological Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa (GRID:grid.7836.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1151)
4 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.501771.5)
5 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas Juan C. Moyano, Mendoza, Argentina (GRID:grid.423606.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1945 2152)
6 Universidad Católica de Temuco, Departamento de Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Temuco, Chile (GRID:grid.264732.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2168 1907)
7 University of Cape Town, Archaeology Department, Cape Town, South Africa (GRID:grid.7836.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1151)
8 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.423606.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1945 2152)
9 Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Laboratorio de Paleoecología Humana, Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mendoza, Argentina (GRID:grid.412108.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2185 5065); Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Aplicadas a la Industria, Mendoza, Argentina (GRID:grid.412108.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2185 5065)
10 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Instituto de Estudios Andinos (IDEAN), Buenos Aires, Argentina (GRID:grid.7345.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0056 1981)
11 Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Departamento de Antropología, Santiago, Chile (GRID:grid.441791.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 1719)
12 Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Antropología, Santiago, Chile (GRID:grid.443909.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0385 4466)
13 Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Coyhaique, Chile (GRID:grid.500830.e)
14 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (GRID:grid.7870.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 0406)
15 Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Laboratorio de Paleoecología Humana, Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas (ICB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mendoza, Argentina (GRID:grid.412108.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2185 5065)