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Abstract
The ability of two nearly-touching plasmonic nanoparticles to squeeze light into a nanometer gap has provided a myriad of fundamental insights into light–matter interaction. In this work, we construct a nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) that capitalizes on the unique, singular behavior that arises at sub-nanometer particle-spacings to create an electro-optical modulator. Using in situ electron energy loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope, we map the spectral and spatial changes in the plasmonic modes as they hybridize and evolve from a weak to a strong coupling regime. In the strongly-coupled regime, we observe a very large mechanical tunability (~250 meV/nm) of the bonding-dipole plasmon resonance of the dimer at ~1 nm gap spacing, right before detrimental quantum effects set in. We leverage our findings to realize a prototype NEMS light-intensity modulator operating at ~10 MHz and with a power consumption of only 4 fJ/bit.
Squeezing light into a nanometer gap offers strong light–matter interaction. Here, the authors develop a nanoelectromechanical system to dynamically control the gap of a plasmonic dimer at nanometer scale, enabling the realization of a light-intensity modulator that operates at high speed and with a low power consumption.
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1 Stanford University, Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford, USA (GRID:grid.168010.e) (ISNI:0000000419368956)
2 Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark (GRID:grid.5170.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 8870)
3 Stanford University, Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford, USA (GRID:grid.168010.e) (ISNI:0000000419368956); University of Amsterdam, Van der Waals–Zeeman Institute for Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000000084992262)
4 University of Central Florida, CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, Orlando, USA (GRID:grid.170430.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2159 2859)