Effectiveness of hypnosis therapy and Gestalt therapy as depression treatments

Abstract

We analyzed the effectiveness of two psychological therapies to treat depression in the Culiacan population, Mexico. According to criteria of MINI (international Neuropsychiatric interview), 30 individuals from a total of 300 were selected and diagnosed with some kind of depression. Patients were divided in three groups: 1) treatment with hypnosis therapy, 2) treatment with Gestalt-hypnosis therapy, and 3) control group. Before and after the treatments the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was applied to know the depression level of the analyzed groups. The results show that the three groups were presenting a moderated level of depression. The groups under hypnosis therapy and Gestalt-hypnosis therapy show statistical differences between pre-test and post-test. The hypnosis therapy shows significant statistic differences to treat depression with respect to the other two groups. In conclusion, the therapeutic hypnosis is an effective treatment and has relevance to treat depression, while other therapeutic treatments tend to be slow and with minor result. This study is the first of this kind carried out in Culiacan in Sinaloa, Mexico.

Alternate abstract:

En este estudio se analiza la eficacia de dos terapias psicológicas para tratar la depresión en la población de Culiacán, México. Según los criterios de la MINI (entrevista neuropsiquiátrica internacional) se seleccionó a 30 sujetos de un total de 300 y se les diagnosticó de algún tipo de depresión. Se dividió a los pacientes en tres grupos: 1) tratamiento con terapia hipnosis, 2) tratamiento con terapia gestalt-hipnosis y 3) grupo control. Antes y después de los tratamientos se aplicó el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI) para conocer el grado de depresión de los grupos analizados. Los resultados muestran que los tres grupos presentaban un grado moderado de depresión. Los grupos de hipnosis y gestalt-hipnosis muestran diferencias estadísticas entre el pretest y el postest. La terapia de hipnosis muestra diferencias estadísticamente significativas para tratar la depresión con respecto a los otros dos grupos. En conclusión, la hipnosis terapéutica es un tratamiento eficaz y es relevante para tratar la depresión, mientras que otros tratamientos terapéuticos tienden a ser más lentos y tener peores resultados. Se trata del primer estudio de este tipo llevado a cabo en Culiacán, Sinaloa, México.

We analyzed the effectiveness of two psychological therapies to treat depression in the Culiacan population, Mexico. According to criteria of MINI (international Neuropsychiatric interview), 30 individuals from a totaf 300 were selected aniagnosed with some kinf depression. Patients were divided in three groups: 1) treatment with hypnosis therapy, 2) treatment with Gestalt-hypnosis therapy, and 3) control group. Before and after the treatments the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was applied to know the depression levef the analyzed groups. The results show that the three groups were presenting a moderateevef depression. The groups under hypnosis therapy and Gestalt-hypnosis therapy show statisticaifferences between pre-test and post-test. The hypnosis therapy shows significant statistic differences to treat depression with respect to the other two groups. In conclusion, the therapeutic hypnosis is an effective treatment and has relevance to treat depression, while other therapeutic treatments tend te slow and with minor result. This study is the first of this kind carrieut in Culiacan in Sinaloa, Mexico.

Depression is considerene of the most frequent psychologicaisorders in the world ( McCann & Landes, 2010 ). It is estimated that depression affects 350 million people, and can turn into a serious public health problem ( Barton & Hirsch, 2015; Shenoy, Lee, & Trieu, 2015; Vaughn, Drake, & Haydock, 2016 ), especially when it lasts a long time and is from moderate to severe intensity ( Becker, 2015; Vanhaudenhuyse & Faymonville, 2015 ); it can also cause a great suffering anisturb work activities, school, and family ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013 ). In the worst cases depression can lead to suicide; no wonder this mentaisorder causes 804,000 deaths each year ( OMS, 2012).

Although there are effective treatments for depression, fewer than half of those affected in the world receive such treatments ( Baena, Sandoval, Urbina, Jarez, & Villaseñor, 2005 ). Barriers to effective care include lack of both resources and trained health care providers, and social stigma associated with mentaisorders. Another barrier to effective care is inaccurate assessment. Even in some high-income countries, people who are depressed are not always correctly diagnosed, anthers who not suffer the disorder are occasionally misdiagnosed and prescribed antidepressants ( OMS, 2012).

The psychological therapy, one of the key components of cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders, suggests that attention may play an important role in the extinction of fear and anxiety ( Barry, Vervliet, & Hermans, 2015 ); however, the exact cause of depression is unknown and grows rapidly. Nowadays there is a great variety of therapeutic alternatives, like cognitive behavioral therapy ( Spiegel & Spiegel, 2004 ). The effectiveness of these therapies or psychological interventions for depression is high, and there are no significant differences between them ( Bados López, García Grau, & Fusté Escolano, 2002; Chambless & Ollendick, 2001; DeRubeis, Siegles, & Hollon, 2008 ).

Within the current existentialist-humanistic and phenomenological paradigms, Gestalt therapy emphasizes an individual's capacity tevelop his/her potential. Along these lines, the change produced in a person takes place through the experience, since it is awareness, in this process, what gives meaning tiscovery. In Gestalt psychotherapy, what is considered is the person in his totality, a combination of sensorial, affective, intellectual, social, and spirituaimensions ( Brownell, 2010 ). Some studies show that the patients treated with Gestalt therapy demonstrated fewer depressive symptoms following the intervention ( Cook, 1999 ). However, there has not been a great deaf research evaluating the effectiveness of Gestalt therapy ( Hender, 2001).

As for Hypnosis therapy, it was defined in 1993 by the psychological hypnosis division of the American Psychological Association (APA) as a procedure through which a health care professional suggests a person to experiment sensations changes, perceptions, thoughts, or behaviors ( Ludwig et al., 2015; Mahler, 2015; Palsson & van Tilburg, 2015 ). The use of hypnosis therapy in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, including depressive disorders, has been recognized ( Schoenberger, 2000 ). This effectiveness is found in all the clinical variables that have been studied: anxiety, depressive neurosis, major depression, and mugging ( Besterio-González & García-Cueto, 2000 ). Previously, studies mentioned that effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) under hypnosis conditions was obtained for all clinical variables studied, such as anxiety, depressive neurosis, and major depression ( Besterio-González & García-Cueto, 2000 ). Patients who received CBT with hypnosis fareetter than 75% of patients who received therapy without hypnosis ( Kirsch, Montgomery, & Sapirstein, 1995 ).

The first psychiatric national survey (ENEP is the Spanish acronym) conducted in Mexico revealed that between 15% and 20% of residents were in risk of depression ( Medina et al., 2003 ), a reason why improvements in mental health care of Mexican citizens are urgently needed ( Borges, Benjet, Medina-Mmora, Orozco, & Wang, 2008 ).

This study aims to recognize the effectiveness of twifferent therapeutic treatments in patients with some kinf depression diagnostic, following MINI (International Neuropsychiatric Interview) criteria, with the purpose of knowing which treatments are more effective for patients with depression diagnosis in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico.

Method

This study was developed in the Autonomous University of Sinaloa (UAS, for its acronym in Spanish) Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico.

Participants

To select the sample size group, was applied the auto-evaluation scale International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0.0 (MINI) ( Amorim, Lecrubier, Weiller, Hergueta, & Sheehan, 1998; Pinninti, Madison, Musser, & Rissmiller, 2003; Sheehan et al., 1998; Sheehan et al., 1997 ), according with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuaf Mentaisorders (DSM-IV) ( APA, 2000 ). The MINI is a rapidly administereiagnostic interview; it is acceptable to patients and should improve diagnostic accuracy ( Pinninti et al., 2003 ). MINI was applied to 300 individuals and identified patients with some kinf depression. All individuals are working-class.

Procedure

Once the participants were selected, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was applied as a pre-test to assign the participants in an equal way to each group. BAI is a self-administered survey of 21 items, 15 items make reference to psychological-cognitive symptoms, and 6 more to vegetative somatic symptoms. It systematizes 4 alternative answers to each item and evaluates symptom severity/intensity and they are ordered from highest towest severity ( Beck, Steer, & Carbin, 1988; Becker, 2015 ). The total score in each item is from 0 to 3. The total score in the BAI test is from 0 to 63 points. The points usually accepted to graduate the intensity/severity are: nepression (0-9 points), slight depression (10-18 points), moderateepression (19-29 points), and serious depression (30-63 points) ( Beck et al., 1988; Wardenaar, Monden, Conradi, & de Jonge, 2015 ). A quantitative quasi-experimental method was used, with two experimental groups and a control group, with a pre-post-test design. One experimental group was intervened with therapeutic hypnosis (HT) ( McCann & Landes, 2010 ), while the other experimental group was intervened with a combination of the Gestalt-Hypnosis Therapy (GHT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The latter is more effective when it is combined with the former than when is used in an isolated way ( Besterio-González & García-Cueto, 2000 ). Finally, a control group was useike passive listening, i.e. , it only heard passively with no type of intervention or feedback during the different sessions in the study.

Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria

Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of slight depression or moderateepression, a score among 10-29 on the BAI.

Once that the participants were alternately assigned to each group, the participants worked individually, in a weekly session lasting approximately an hour, the day and time being decided with respect to participant availability. We requested permission to videotape each session following the ethics of privacy and trust which are paramount psychotherapeutic practice.

Subsequently the experimental groups were provided with objective information in order to reduce prejudice about hypnosis, what hypnosis is, its nature, its procedure (description of the hypnotic process as an engramic formation) and the causes of depression. This was followey the application of sensory suggestibility and psychomotor tests which included “the handshake” and the “pendulum” tests in order to inform the hypnotherapist and convince the patient about their hypnotizability and suggestibility. At the enf this first session, patients were provided with a book entitled “Hypnosis Therapy” which included answers to common questions about hypnosis.

In the first session the session focus was shown to the participants:

* -

Individual session with one week session, with about an hour duration, and the day and time to administer the therapy was established according to the time needs.

* -

Each participant was informef the kinf therapy they will take, characteristics and procedures, videotaping each session, informing of the ethical nature of privacy and the reliability that is required in psychotherapy practice, and a consent letter was signed.

* -

The treatment consistef six sessions with each participant, with a duration of 40 minutes per session in the HT group and 60 minutes in the GHT and control groups.

The control group received six sessions using the passive listening technique. The patient was allowed to speak freely about what they felt the need to communicate was. The patient was also told that they were free to remain silent at any time as this was also part of the process. The patient received nirection or intervention by the therapist, whnly had tisten without interrupting the patient.

At the end, a post-test was applied according to the BAI.

Data analysis

Arithmetic means and standareviations were calculated. We used Kolmogorov Smirnov test (KS) tetermine data distribution and alata were normal. We usene-way analysis of variance to test for differences between pre-test and post-test by analysis groups anetween the analysis groups. Tukey test was used for multiple comparisons in the event of a significant difference. We performed all statistical analyses using Minitab® 17.1.0 (Minitab Inc., State College, Pennsylvania, USA).

Results

Thirty participants aged 23 to 35 years old were selected, 9 males and 21 females, alf them diagnosed with some kinf depression. Ten participants were includey group.

Table 1 shows the statistical comparison of pre-test and post-test in the three analysis groups according tAI. Data shows a normal statisticaistribution (KS, p = .150).

Table 1 ;

Comparison Statistics of Pre-test and Post-test by Analysis Groups.

BAI	Control group	HT group	GHT group
Pre-test	20.10 ± 4.82	20.40 ± 4.84(A)	22.90 ± 4.82(A)
Post-test	20.10 ± 5.22	13.10 ± 4.51(B)	15.10 ± 3.96(B)
Statistical analysis	F (1, 18) = 0.00, p = 1.00	F (1, 18) = 12.19, p = .003	F (1, 18) = 15.65, p = .001

Note . BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory, HT: Hypnosis Therapy, GHT: Gestalt-Hypnosis Therapy. The statistical test used was the analysis of variance (ANOVA), statisticaata in mean ± SD followey Tuckey Test in parenthesis if presented statisticaifference.

The results show that the three groups presented a levef moderate depression according tAI. At the enf treatments, the control group showed no statisticaifferences between pre-test and post-test ( F (1, 18) = 0.00, p = 1.00), while the other groups treated with HT and GHT showed statisticaifferences between pre-test and post-test (HT: F (1, 18) = 12.19, p = .003; GHT: F (1, 18) = 15.65, p = .001), showing a decrease in the depression degree (see Table 1 and Figure 1).

Figure 1 Statistical Comparison between Pre-test and Post-test in the Different Analysis Groups according with Beck Anxiety Inventory.

Note . a) Pre-test: without statisticaifferences (KS: p = .150; ANOVA: F (1, 18) = 0.00, p = 1.000).

b) Post-test: with statisticaifferences (KS: p = .150; ANOVA: F (1, 18) = 12.19, p = .003).

c) Post-test: with statisticaifferences (KS: p = .150; ANOVA: F (1, 18) = 15.65, p = .001).

Box plots are the central 50% of data. The three horizontaines of the box plots represent quartiles (25%, 50%, and 75% of the distribution). The circle is the mean value for each box plot.

In the pre-test, the between group analysis showed no statisticaifferences among its means ( F (2, 27) = 1.02, p = .376) (Table 2 ). The post-test showed statisticaifferences in the group treated with HT vis-à-vis the other two groups, and no statisticaifferences between GHT and control group ( F (2, 27) = 11.82, p < .000) (Table 2, Figure 2 ). HT had more effectiveness as a treatment in attention to patients that some levef depression. These results are consistent with results observed in previous studies, where after treating the patients with hypnosis treatment they showeower scores in different tests used to measure their levef mentaisorder ( Besterio-González & García-Cueto, 2000; Brown, 1998; Capafons, 1998 ). Besterio-González and García-Cueto (2000) mentioned that possibly the patients with some mentaisorder tended te highly suggestible, allowing us tbserve better results in treatment, while other treatments like relaxation and cognitive behavioral therapy tended te slower and with worst results ( Genuis, 1995; Griffiths, 1995; Schoenberger, 2000; Willshire, 1996 ). Some clinicians and researchers who use hypnosis mention that even few interventions can contribute to rapid early responses or sudden treatment gains ( Dobbin, Maxwell, & Elton, 2009 ) whereas other authors suggest that even the cognitive behavioral treatment is more effective when used in combination with hypnosis than in an isolated way or with relaxation techniques ( Connors, 2015; Kleinbub et al., 2015; Riehl & Keefer, 2015 ).

Table 2 ;

Comparison Statistics of Pre-test and Post-test among Analysis Groups.

BAI	Control group	HT group	GHT group	Statistical analysis
Pre-test	20.10 ± 4.82	20.40 ± 4.84	22.90 ± 4.82	F (2, 27) = 1.02, p = .376
Post-test	20.10 ± 5.22(1)	13.10 ± 4.51(2)	15.10 ± 3.96(3)	F(2,27) = 11.82, p = .000

Note . BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory, HT: Hypnosis Therapy, GHT: Gestalt-Hypnosis Therapy. The statistical test used was the analysis of variance (ANOVA), statisticaata in mean ± SD followey Tuckey test in parenthesis if presented statisticaifference.

Figure 2 Statistical Comparison between Different Analysis Groups according with Beck Anxiety Inventory.

Note . a) Pre-test: without statisticaifferences (KS: p = .150; ANOVA: F (2, 27) = 1.02, p = .376).

b) Post-test: With statisticaifferences (KS: p = .150; ANOVA: F(2, 27) = 11.82, p < .000).

Box plots are the central 50% of data. The three horizontaines of the box plots represent quartiles (25%, 50%, and 75% of the distribution). The circle is the mean value for each box plot.

McCann anandes (2010) mentioned that we have much tearn about depression and how to treat it. Fortunately, a wide range of methodologies can be deployed. Clinicians and researchers who use hypnosis are in a unique position te able to test some of the underlying assumptions about how depression leads tysfunction, and how brief or even single-session interventions can contribute to rapid early responses or sudden treatment gains. In this study, we can observe that the use of two treatments in conjunction (Gestalt-hypnosis) showed not te an effective therapy in comparison whit the hypnosis therapy, that showed te more effective to treat depression disorders. Probably the treatment time in Gestalt Hypnosis psychotherapy could influence the results obtained. GHT requireonger time in each of the seasons, because of treatment characteristics, though more studies are needed for better conclusions.

Discussion

Depression is a disorder that not only affects an individual's mood state, but also their behavior, the way they look at themselves, their relationship with people around them and their physical anrganic function. A depressed person should follow an adequate treatment. As results show, therapeutic hypnosis is an effective treatment ( McCann & Landes, 2010 ). Hypnosis therapy is relevant as a depression treatment, helping tuild a positive expectation regarding treatment, addressing numerous depressive symptoms and modifying patterns of self-organization that contribute tepressed thinking and mood ( Yapko, 2006 ). However, studies following up long-term patients who have been treated with different validated therapies have concluded that one of the main causes of high depression prevalence in the world is new depression episodes in people who had experimented a previous episode ( Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2012 ), recommending a follow up of patients treated with different therapeutic interventions.

It is necessary to consider future research about the levef effectiveness of treatments, applied in separate ways and in an effective time for significant results.

Conflict of Interest

The authors of this article declare no conflict of interest.

References

APA, 2000 ; ;American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manuaf Mentaisorders (DSM-IV) 4th ed. 2000

American Psychiatric Association, 2013 ; ;American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and statistical manuaf mentaisorders 5th ed. 2013

Amorim et al., 1998 ; ; P. Amorim Y. Lecrubier E. Weiller T. Hergueta D. Sheehan DSM-III-R Psychotic Disorders: procedural validity of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Concordance and causes for discordance with the CIDI European Psychiatry 13 1998 26-34 Medline DOI

Bados López et al., 2002 ; ; A. Bados López E. García Grau A. Fusté Escolano Eficacia y utilidad clínica de la terapiapsicológica International Journaf Clinical and Health Psychology 2 2002 477-502

Baena et al., 2005 ; ; A. Baena M. Sandoval C. Urbina N. Juarez B. Villaseñor Los trastornos del estade animo Revista DIgital Universitaria 6 11 2005 1-14

Barry et al., 2015 ; ; T.J. Barry B. Vervliet D. Hermans An integrative review of attention biases and their contribution to treatment for anxiety disorders Frontiers in Psychology 6 2015 Medline DOI

Barton and Hirsch, 2015 ; ; A.L. Barton J.K. Hirsch Permissive Parenting and Mental Health in College Students: Mediating Effects of Academic Entitlement Journaf American College Health 0 2015

Beck et al., 1988 ; ; A.T. Beck R.A. Steer M.G. Carbin Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation Clinical Psychology Review 8 1 1988 77-100

Becker, 2015 ; ; P.M. Becker Hypnosis in the Management of Sleep Disorders Sleep Medicine Clinics 10 1 2015 85-92 Medline DOI

Besterio-González and García-Cueto, 2000 ; ; J.L. Besterio-González E. García-Cueto Utilizacio¿n de la hipnosis en el tratamiente la depresio¿n mayor Psicothema 12 2000 557-60

Borges et al., 2008 ; ; G. Borges C. Benjet M.E. Medina-Mora R. Orozco P.S. Wang Treatment of mentaisorders for adolescents in Mexico City Bulletin of the World Health Organization 8 2008 757-64

Brown, 1998 ; ; N. Brown Hypnosis in the treatment of severe anxiety Australian Journaf Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 26 1998 138-45

Brownell, 2010 ; ; P. Brownell Gestalt Therapy: A guide to contemporary practice 2010

Capafons, 1998 ; ; A. Capafons Autohipnosis rápida: un métode sugestión para el autocontrol Psicothema 10 1998 571-81

Chambless anllendick, 2001 ; ; D.L. Chambless T.H. Ollendick Empirically Supported Psychological Interventions: Controversies and Evidence Annual Review of Psychology 52 2001 685-716 Medline DOI

Connors, 2015 ; ; M.H. Connors Hypnosis anelief: A review of hypnotic delusions Consciousness and Cognition 36 2015 27-43 Medline DOI

Cook, 1999 ; ; D. Cook Gestalt Treatment of adolecent females with depressive symptoms: a treatment outcome study (girls high school student, group therapy) Dissertation Abstracts International 60 8B 1999 4210

DeRubeis et al., 2008 ; ; R.J. DeRubeis G.J. Siegle S.D. Hollon Cognitive therapy vs. medications for depression: Treatment outcomes and neural mechanisms Nature reviews. Neuroscience 9 2008 788-96 Medline DOI

Dobbin et al., 2009 ; ; A. Dobbin M. Maxwell R. Elton A benchmarked feasibility study of a self-hypnosis treatment for depression in primary care International Journaf Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 57 2009 293-318 Medline DOI

Genuis, 1995 ; ; M.L. Genuis The use of hypnosis in helping xiety, pain and emesis: A rewiew of recent empirical studies Journaf Clinical Hypnosis 37 1995 316-25

Griffiths, 1995 ; ; R. Griffiths Two years follow up of hypnobehavioral treatment for bulimia nervosa Australian Journaf Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 23 1995 135-44

Hender, 2001 ; ; K. Hender Is Gestalt therapy more effective than other therapeutic approaches? (Series 2001: Inervention) 2001

Kirsch et al., 1995 ; ; I. Kirsch G. Montgomery G. Sapirstein Hypnosis as an adjunt to cognitive-behavioral psychoterapy: A meta-analysis Journaf Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63 1995 214-20 Medline

Kleinbub et al., 2015 ; ; J.R. Kleinbub A. Palmieri A. Broggio F. Pagnini E. Benelli M. Sambin G. Soraru Hypnosis-based psychodynamic treatment in ALS: a longitudinal study on patients and their caregivers Frontiers of Psychology 6 2015 822

Ludwig et al., 2015 ; ; V.U. Ludwig J. Seitz C. Schonfeldt-Lecuona A. Hose B. Abler G. Hole H. … Walter The neural correlates of movement intentions: A pilot study comparing hypnotic and simulated paralysis Consciousness and Cognition 35 2015 158-70 Medline DOI

Mahler, 2015 ; ; T. Mahler Education and Hypnosis for Treatment of Functional Gastrointestinaisorders (FGIDs) in Pediatrics American Journaf Clinical Hypnosis 58 2015 115-28 Medline DOI

McCann anandes, 2010 ; ; B.S. McCann S.J. Landes Hypnosis in the Treatment of Depression: Considerations in Research Design and Methods International Journaf Clinincal and Experimental Hypnosis 58 2010 147-64

Medina et al., 2003 ; ; M.E. Medina G. Borges C. Lara C. Benjet J. Blanco C. Fleiz S. … Aguilar Prevalencia de trastornos mentales y use servicios: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacionae Epidemiología Psiquiátrica en México Salud Mental 26 4 2003 1-16

OMS, 2012 ; ; OMS. (2012). Depression. Retrieved from h t t p & # 5 8 ; & # 4 7;/www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/

Palsson and van Tilburg, 2015 ; ; O.S. Palsson M. van Tilburg Hypnosis and Guided Imagery Treatment for Gastrointestinaisorders: Experience With Scripted Protocols Developed at the University of North Carolina American Journaf Clinical Hypnosis 58 2015 5-21 Medline DOI

Pinninti et al., 2003 ; ; R.N. Pinninti H. Madison E. Musser D. Rissmiller MINI International Neuropsychiatric Schedule: clinical utility and patient acceptance European Psychiatry 18 2003 361-4 Medline

Riehl and Keefer, 2015 ; ; M.E. Rieh. Keefer Hypnotherapy for Esophageaisorders American Journaf Clinical Hypnosis 58 2015 22-33 Medline DOI

Schoenberger, 2000 ; ; N.E. Schoenberger Research on hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive behavioral therapy International Journaf Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 48 2000 154-69 Medline DOI

Segal et al., 2012 ; ; Z.V. Segal J.M.G. Williams J.D. Teasdale Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression 2th ed. 2012

Sheehan et al., 1997 ; ; D. Sheehan Y. Lecrubier K. Harnett-Sheehan J. Janavs E. Weiller L. Bonora G. … Dunbar Reliability and Validity of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): According to the SCID-P European Psychiatry 12 1997 232-41

Sheehan et al., 1998 ; ; D. Sheehan Y. Lecrubier K. Harnett-Sheehan P. Amorim J. Janavs E. Weiller G. … Dunbar The MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The Development and Validation of a Structureiagnostic Psychiatric Interview Journaf Clinical Psychiatry 59 20 1998 22-3 Medline

Shenoy et al., 2015 ; ; D.P. Shenoy C. Lee S.L. Trieu The Mental Health Status of Single Parent Community College Students in California Journaf American College Health 64 2015 152-6 Medline DOI

Spiegel and Spiegel, 2004 ; ; H. Spiege. Spiegel Trance and Treatment: Clinical Uses of Hypnosis 2th ed. 2004

Vanhaudenhuyse and Faymonville, 2015 ; ; A. Vanhaudenhuyse M.E. Faymonville The use of hypnosis in healthcare La Revue du Praticien 65 2015 457-9 Medline

Vaughn et al., 2016 ; ; A.A. Vaughn R.R. Drake Jr. S. Haydock College Student Mental Health and Quality of Workplace Relationships Journaf American College Health 64 2016 26-37 Medline DOI

Wardenaar et al., 2015 ; ; K.J. Wardenaar R. Monden H.J. Conradi P. de Jonge Symptom-specific course trajectories and their determinants in primary care patients with Major Depressive Disorder: Evidence for two etiologically distinct prototypes Journaf Affective Disorders 179 2015 38-46 Medline DOI

Willshire, 1996 ; ; D. Willshire Trauma and treatment with hypnosis Australian Journaf Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 24 1996 125-36

Yapko, 2006 ; ; M.D. Yapko Hypnosis in treating symptoms and risk factors of major depression Hypnosis and Treating Depression: Applications in Clinical Practice Routledge New York, NY 2006 3-24