Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is not only a threat to physical health but is also having severe impacts on mental health. Although increases in stress-related symptomatology and other adverse psycho-social outcomes, as well as their most important risk factors have been described, hardly anything is known about potential protective factors. Resilience refers to the maintenance of mental health despite adversity. To gain mechanistic insights about the relationship between described psycho-social resilience factors and resilience specifically in the current crisis, we assessed resilience factors, exposure to Corona crisis-specific and general stressors, as well as internalizing symptoms in a cross-sectional online survey conducted in 24 languages during the most intense phase of the lockdown in Europe (22 March to 19 April) in a convenience sample of N = 15,970 adults. Resilience, as an outcome, was conceptualized as good mental health despite stressor exposure and measured as the inverse residual between actual and predicted symptom total score. Preregistered hypotheses (osf.io/r6btn) were tested with multiple regression models and mediation analyses. Results confirmed our primary hypothesis that positive appraisal style (PAS) is positively associated with resilience (p < 0.0001). The resilience factor PAS also partly mediated the positive association between perceived social support and resilience, and its association with resilience was in turn partly mediated by the ability to easily recover from stress (both p < 0.0001). In comparison with other resilience factors, good stress response recovery and positive appraisal specifically of the consequences of the Corona crisis were the strongest factors. Preregistered exploratory subgroup analyses (osf.io/thka9) showed that all tested resilience factors generalize across major socio-demographic categories. This research identifies modifiable protective factors that can be targeted by public mental health efforts in this and in future pandemics.

Details

Title
Psycho-social factors associated with mental resilience in the Corona lockdown
Author
Veer, Ilya M 1 ; Riepenhausen Antje 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Zerban Matthias 3 ; Wackerhagen Carolin 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Puhlmann, Lara M, C 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Engen Haakon 6 ; Köber Göran 7 ; Bögemann, Sophie A 8 ; Weermeijer Jeroen 9 ; Uściłko Aleksandra 10 ; Mor Netali 11 ; Marciniak, Marta A 12   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Askelund Adrian Dahl 13 ; Al-Kamel, Abbas 14   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Ayash, Sarah 15   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Barsuola Giulia 16 ; Vaida, Bartkute-Norkuniene 17 ; Battaglia, Simone 18 ; Bobko Yaryna 19 ; Bölte Sven 20   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Cardone, Paolo 21 ; Chvojková Edita 22 ; Damnjanović Kaja 23 ; De Calheiros Velozo Joana 9 ; de Thurah Lena 9 ; Deza-Araujo, Yacila I 24 ; Dimitrov Annika 25 ; Farkas Kinga 26   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Feller Clémence 27 ; Gazea, Mary 28 ; Gilan Donya 29 ; Gnjidić Vedrana 30   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hajduk Michal 31   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hiekkaranta, Anu P 9 ; Hofgaard, Live S 32 ; Ilen Laura 27 ; Kasanova Zuzana 33 ; Khanpour Mohsen 34 ; Lau Bobo Hi Po 35 ; Lenferink Dionne B 36 ; Lindhardt, Thomas B 37 ; Magas, Dávid Á 38 ; Mituniewicz Julian 10 ; Moreno-López, Laura 39 ; Muzychka Sofiia 40 ; Ntafouli, Maria 41 ; O’Leary Aet 42 ; Paparella Ilenia 43 ; Põldver Nele 44   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Rintala Aki 45 ; Robak, Natalia 46 ; Rosická, Anna M 47 ; Røysamb Espen 32 ; Sadeghi Siavash 48 ; Schneider, Maude 27 ; Siugzdaite Roma 49 ; Stantić Mirta 50 ; Teixeira, Ana 9 ; Todorovic, Ana 50 ; Wan Wendy W N 51 ; van Dick Rolf 52   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Lieb, Klaus 53 ; Kleim Birgit 12 ; Hermans, Erno J 54 ; Kobylińska Dorota 10 ; Hendler Talma 55 ; Binder, Harald 7 ; Myin-Germeys Inez 9   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; van Leeuwen Judith M C 56 ; Tüscher Oliver 57   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Yuen Kenneth S L 58 ; Walter, Henrik 59   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Kalisch Raffael 58   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

1  Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Berlin, Germany 
2  Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Berlin, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Philosophy, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Berlin, Germany (GRID:grid.7468.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2248 7639) 
3  Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.410607.4) 
4  Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Berlin, Germany (GRID:grid.410607.4) 
5  Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.410607.4); Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Research Group Social Stress and Family Health, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.4372.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2105 1091) 
6  Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.410607.4); University of Oslo, Department of Psychology, Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.5510.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8921) 
7  Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany (GRID:grid.5963.9); University of Freiburg, Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modelling, Freiburg, Germany (GRID:grid.5963.9) 
8  Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5963.9) 
9  KU Leuven, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium (GRID:grid.5596.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 0668 7884) 
10  University of Warsaw, Faculty of Psychology, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.12847.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1290) 
11  Sagol Brain Institute Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (GRID:grid.413449.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 0518 6922); Tel Aviv University, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel (GRID:grid.12136.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0546) 
12  University of Zurich, Division of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Zurich, Switzerland (GRID:grid.7400.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0650); Psychiatric University Hospital (PUK), University of Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zurich, Switzerland (GRID:grid.7400.3) 
13  University of Oslo, Department of Psychology, Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.5510.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8921) 
14  University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy (GRID:grid.33236.37) (ISNI:0000000106929556) 
15  Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.33236.37) 
16  University of Cambridge, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK (GRID:grid.5335.0) (ISNI:0000000121885934) 
17  Faculty of Business and Technologies at Utena University of Applied Sciences, Utena, Lithuania (GRID:grid.466222.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 0382 1349) 
18  University of Bologna, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.6292.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 1758) 
19  University of Economics and Human Sciences, Warsaw, Faculty of Psychology, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.6292.f) 
20  Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.467087.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0442 1056); Stockholm Health Care Services, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.467087.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0442 1056); Curtin University, Curtin Autism Research Group, School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Perth, Australia (GRID:grid.1032.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0375 4078) 
21  Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.1032.0) 
22  University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychological Methods, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000000084992262) 
23  University of Belgrade, Laboratory for Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Belgrade, Serbia (GRID:grid.7149.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2166 9385) 
24  University of Geneva, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 4988); Medical School, University of Geneva, Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 4988) 
25  Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Berlin, Germany (GRID:grid.8591.5) 
26  Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.11804.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0942 9821); Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.6759.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 0451) 
27  University of Geneva, Clinical Psychology Unit for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 4988) 
28  Concentris Research Management GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (GRID:grid.424223.1) 
29  Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.424223.1); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.410607.4) 
30  University of Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia (GRID:grid.4808.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0657 4636) 
31  Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (GRID:grid.7634.6) (ISNI:0000000109409708); University in Bratislava, Center for Psychiatric Disorders Research, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (GRID:grid.7634.6) (ISNI:0000000109409708); Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Bratislava, Slovak Republic (GRID:grid.7634.6) (ISNI:0000000109409708) 
32  University of Oslo, PROMENTA Research Centre, Department of Psychology, Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.5510.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8921) 
33  KU Leuven, Leuven Research and Development, Spin-off and Innovation Unit, Leuven, Belgium (GRID:grid.5596.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 0668 7884) 
34  University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.46072.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0612 7950) 
35  Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong (GRID:grid.445012.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0643 7658) 
36  Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.445012.6) 
37  Århus University, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN) and MINDLab, Department of Clinical Medicine, Århus, Denmark (GRID:grid.7048.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 1956 2722) 
38  Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest, Hungary (GRID:grid.6759.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 0451) 
39  University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge, UK (GRID:grid.5335.0) (ISNI:0000000121885934) 
40  University of Economics and Human Sciences, Warsaw, Faculty of Psychology, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.5335.0) 
41  National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sleep Research Unit, First Department of Psychiatry, Athens, Greece (GRID:grid.5216.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2155 0800) 
42  University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (GRID:grid.411088.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0578 8220); Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (GRID:grid.10939.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 7661) 
43  Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Lyon, France (GRID:grid.465537.6) 
44  Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia (GRID:grid.10939.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 7661) 
45  KU Leuven, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium (GRID:grid.5596.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 0668 7884); LAB University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Social Services and Health Care, Lahti, Finland (GRID:grid.508322.e) 
46  College of Inter-faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.12847.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1290) 
47  Masaryk University, Faculty of Social Studies, Department of Psychology, Brno, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.10267.32) (ISNI:0000 0001 2194 0956) 
48  Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.5802.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 7111) 
49  University of Cambridge, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK (GRID:grid.5335.0) (ISNI:0000000121885934); Ghent University, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Gent, Belgium (GRID:grid.5342.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2069 7798) 
50  University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford, UK (GRID:grid.4991.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8948) 
51  Tunghai University, Department of International Business, Taichung City, Taiwan (GRID:grid.265231.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0532 1428) 
52  Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (GRID:grid.7839.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9721) 
53  Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.7839.5); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.410607.4) 
54  Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7400.3) 
55  Sagol Brain Institute Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (GRID:grid.413449.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 0518 6922); Tel Aviv University, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel (GRID:grid.12136.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0546); Tel Aviv University, School of Psychological Science, Tel Aviv, Israel (GRID:grid.12136.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0546); Tel Aviv University, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv, Israel (GRID:grid.12136.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0546) 
56  Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5596.f) 
57  Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.5596.f); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.410607.4) 
58  Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.410607.4); Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.410607.4) 
59  Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Research Division of Mind and Brain, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Berlin, Germany (GRID:grid.410607.4); Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Philosophy, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Berlin, Germany (GRID:grid.7468.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2248 7639) 
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
e-ISSN
21583188
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01150-4
ProQuest document ID
2479578594
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.