Content area
Abstract
Aquaculture is considered to be the fastest growing animal food-producing sector. The increase in world fish per capita consumption, followed by the growing percentage of the supply that derives from aquaculture, leads to high demand for more efficient fish production. However, the intensification of aquaculture production brought some constraints. In intensive aquaculture, fish are exposed to several, biological, chemical and/or physical stressors. The decrease in water quality may reduce fish performance and welfare, also increasing the risks of diseases outbreaks. Fungi, bacterial, and viral diseases, as well as suboptimal abiotic conditions are a common cause of growth inhibition and mass mortalities.
Until recently, intensive aquaculture production relied on the use of antibiotics for treatment. However, strict regulations are limiting the over-use of antibiotics aiming at preventing antibiotic resistant bacteria and minimizing consumer’s health risk. Vaccination is one of the most effective methods of controlling disease but the development of vaccines against intracellular pathogens has not been successful so far.
The use of immunostimulants appears to be an alternative to antibiotics and vaccines. These components increase resistance to infectious disease and immune competency, not by enhancing specific responses, but by enhancing non-specific mechanisms. The use of immunostimulants, in addition to chemotherapeutic agents and vaccines, is now widely accepted by fish farmers. Still, many questions remain unanswered about the efficiency of immunostimulants, such as whether they can protect against all infectious diseases. Dietary supplementation with immunostimulant substances seems to be a logical step to prevent fish diseases or to lower stress levels, particularly when fish are subjected to environmental oscillations, such as temperature and salinity.
This study evaluated the effect of dietary seaweed mix supplementation in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) subjected to rearing temperature and salinity oscillations. Two experimental diets where formulated, a control and a supplemented one, with 7.5% seaweed mix (2.5% Fucus, 2.5% Gracilaria and 2.5% Ulva). Three trials were conducted, where salinity and temperature oscillated separately (trials 1 and 2) or simultaneously (trial 3), simulating natural variations in an aquaculture farm. Growth performance, immune and oxidative stress responses were analyzed.
In trial 1 (salinity), fish fed diets supplemented with seaweed showed lower growth performance than the control diet (P<0.05). Trial 2 (temperature), the seaweed diet increased lysozyme activity (P<0.05). In trial 3 (simultaneous oscillation of salinity and 2 temperature), dietary seaweed supplementation did not affect the parameters analyzed. Nevertheless, environmental oscillation significantly affected seabass growth rates (Daily Growth Index), peroxidase activity, and some oxidative stress indicators (total glutathione and oxidized glutathione) (P<0.05). Overall, the current study showed that dietary seaweed supplementation may improve immune defenses when seabass is subjected to temperature oscillations.





