Roadway Support in Deep “Three-Soft” Coal Seam: A Case Study in Yili Mining Area, China

Abstract

This paper analyzes the large deformation of roadway in three-soft coal seam under the influence of tectonic stress. Taking the auxiliary conveying uphill roadway in Yili No. 1 Coal Mine as the engineering background, the deformation and failure mechanism of the surrounding rock and the supporting technology were studied. First, the characteristics of stress field and the surrounding rock properties of deep mining area were investigated through geostress measurement and rock mechanical test. Then, the roadway deformation and the loose circle of the supporting structure were obtained. Based on the results from measurement and theoretical analysis, we proposed a concept, i.e., “Stress adjustment-Strengthening-Grouting-Secondary support.” A numerical model was established to analyze the stress distribution and the state of plasticity in the surrounding rock. According to the results of the geostress measurement and the numerical simulation, a combined support scheme was proposed, i.e., “Yielding bolt & Shotcreting” as the primary support and “Prestressed grouting anchor cable & U-shaped shed” as the secondary support. Finally, the underground practice showed that the proposed support scheme can effectively control the large deformation and maintain the long-term stability of the roadway in deep and three-soft coal seam. The proposed technology has guiding significance for the support design under similar mining conditions.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Introduction

The thickness of 3# coal seam in Yili mining area is about 12.5 m. The aquifer exists in both the roof and floor, which are mainly composed of mudstone, siltstone, and fine sandstone. The coal seam, roof, and floor are all constituted of low-strength and weather-resistant rocks, thus forming three-soft coal seam. The auxiliary conveying uphill roadway is arranged in the extra-thick coal seam. Due to the combined impact of the three-soft coal seam and the large tectonic geostress, the problem of frequent roof vibration occurred, which caused serious support difficulties such as roof crack, floor heave, etc.

Researchers have paid attention to the stability and failure mechanism of soft rock roadway. He Manchao et al. [1–3] proposed that the deformation of surrounding rock was caused by multiple factors such as weak characteristics, poor support, high geostress, groundwater, and geological structure. Li Shucai and Zhu Weishen et al. [4–10] developed physical modeling test to investigate the deformation characteristics and the mechanism of surrounding rock and obtained the impact of the excavation process. Some scholars [11–16] analyzed the influence of the joints and fissures of rock mass on the basis of considering the discontinuity of surrounding rock. Some researchers [17–22] have revised the nonlinear creep model of the surrounding rock from the perspective of long-term stability. These theoretical and practical results showed that the failure of weak rock has the main characteristics of fast rate, large deformation, and long duration. Meanwhile, the deformation characteristics and failure mechanism of soft-rock roadway varied under different conditions; thus, the special support measures should be applied for each condition [23, 24].

A large amount of theoretical and experimental researches have been conducted on the support technology of high-stress soft rock roadway. He et al. [25–28] proposed the support principle for the deep high-stress soft rock roadway and believed that the key of the support was to improve the resistance of the surrounding rock, release the elastic energy, and slow down the concentration process of the stress. Based on the above support principle, the support technology for the deep soft rock roadway has been investigated in the following aspects: some researchers [23, 29–31] proposed the combined support system for the deep soft rock roadway. Meanwhile, other scholars [32–35] developed new types of pressure-yielding and energy-absorbing support structure to address the high stress problem. In addition, considering the weak cementation and low-strength characteristics of soft rock, some other scientists [36, 37] proposed the grouting reinforcement support scheme to ensure the stability of deep three-soft coal seam roadway.

The previous studies have greatly promoted the development of the support theory and technology for the soft rock roadway. However, the surrounding rock of the three-soft coal seam has unique characteristics and complicated stress environment; thus, there is no unified standard on the control technology and supporting parameters. In addition, it is challenging for the existing support measures to maintain the stability of the soft rock roadway in a long term. Therefore, using the auxiliary conveying uphill roadway in Yili No. 1 Mine as the engineering test object, the failure mechanism and support scheme of the roadway in deep three-soft coal seam were studied.

2. Background and Method

2.1. Research Background

The Yili mining area is located in the southern margin of the Yili Basin. Located in the Yili microplate clamped by the Kazakhstan plate and the Tarim plate, the Yili Basin is a large inland basin between mountains formed by the north-south thrust stress of the two plates. The formation and development of the Yili Basin are controlled by the basement structure (fractures and folds). The heterogeneity of the tectonic movement determines the structural characteristics of the strong structure in north and weak structure in south, and the strong structure in east and weak structure in west. Because of the mountains formed by the Lower Paleozoic metamorphic folds and the development of the geosynclines from the Tianshan Mountains, the stress distribution in the Yili mining area is dominated by the north-south horizontal tectonic stress. In addition, the stress is always in the state of adjustment and has a concentrated trend.

Yili No. 1 Mine belongs to the Yili mining area with an average dip angle of 7°. The main coal seam is located in the upper part of the Xishanyao Formation, which is steady and has a uniform and layered structure. The 3# coal seam is a deep mining coal seam, and it has a ground elevation of +1123 m ∼ +1150 m and a buried depth of 720–1210 m with an average depth of 930 m. It is an extra-thick coal seam with an average thickness of 12.35 m and a thickness variation coefficient of 35%. The 3# coal seam is easy to be weathered and disintegrated and belongs to the soft rock class. It has the natural compressive strength of 0.50∼13.1 MPa, the tensile strength of 0.1∼0.5 MPa, the softening coefficient of 0.02∼0.70, and the Protodyakonov coefficient of f2. The lithology of the roof is dominated by mudstone, coarse sandstone, and fine sandstone, with an average thickness of 5.18 m. The lithology of the floor is dominated by mudstone, carbonaceous mudstone, siltstone, and argillaceous siltstone, with an average thickness of 2.94 m. The initial support is shown in Figure 1(a), and the parameters are as follows.

(1) Rock bolts: Left-handed nonlongitudinal rib screw steel metal bolts (MSGLD-400), with the dimensions of Φ20 × 2400 mm and spacing of 800 × 800 mm. The roof is arranged with 8 bolts, and the length of the anchorage section is not less than 1400 mm. Anchor force of bolt shall not be less than 130 KN, and bolt pretightening torque shall not be less than 400 N·m.

(2) Anchor cable: High strength, low relaxation, 1∗7 bonded steel strands, with diameter of 17.8 mm; strength of 1860 n/mm; the cross-sectional area of 191.00 mm²; elongation ≥ 3.5%; and minimum breaking load of 353 KN. Arranged from the vault top to both side, the row spacing is 1960∗2400 mm, the anchorage force is 200 kN, and the pretension is controlled within 80–100 kN.

(3) Anchorage agent: Four K2835 anchorage agents are used for each bolt, and six K2835 anchorage agents are used for each cable.

(4) Tray: Arch high strength steel, No. Q235. The size of bolt tray is 150∗150∗10 mm, and that of the anchor cable tray is 300∗300∗16 mm.

(5) Reinforced welded steel fabric: Φ8 mm reinforced grid, with a mesh size of 80 ∗ 80 mm.

(6) Concrete: Cement No. 425, Strength C20, ratio of cement: sand = 1 : 2; and the total thickness of shotcrete is 150 mm. The floor hardening thickness is 300 mm, with concrete strength of C25.

[figures omitted; refer to PDF]

The roof and floor of the 3# coal both contain the weakly cemented soft rock with low strength and relatively well-developed bedding. At the same time, the existence of the aquifer in the roof and floor is not conducive to the maintenance of the roadway. Therefore, the auxiliary conveying uphill roadway is arranged in the extra-thick coal seam. After the roadway passes the 7# crossheading, the original anchor-net-cable support method could not maintain its stability. Consequently, plate cracks appeared in both sides, the net pockets occurred in the roof, and the floor undulated frequently, as shown in Figure 1(b).

2.2. Measurement of Geostress

In order to understand the geomechanical parameters and their distribution characteristics of the surrounding rock in the deep roadway of Yili No. 1 Mine, the stress relieving method was used to measure the geostress in the 7# crossheading of the 3# coal auxiliary conveying roadway. The measurement was conducted by a KX-81 hollow core inclusion triaxial geostress meter (Figure 2) developed by the Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

The main measurement steps are described as follows: (1) drill a large hole; (2) smooth the bottom of large hole; (3) make the cone-shaped bottom of the hole; (4) make the small hole; (5) install the stress gauge; (6) record the initial data; and (7) release the geostress of the sleeve core and conduct the strain test.

2.3. Determination of Mechanical Parameters of Surrounding Rock

In order to obtain the mechanics parameters of the surrounding rock in the auxiliary roadway, mechanics tests were conducted on the samples obtained in the 7# crossheading and at the bottom end-point of the auxiliary roadway. The collection of samples complied with Chinese standard GB/T 23561.1–2009 “Methods for the Determination of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Coal and Rocks Part I: General Rules for Sampling”.

The processing equipment for the coal and rock samples included rock cutting machine, coring machine, radial drilling machine, stone grinding mill, and grinding machine. A total of 56 standard test pieces of coal and rock were obtained. The dimensions of the coal test pieces and rock test pieces were Φ50 × 100 mm and Φ25 × 50 mm, respectively. Some standard test pieces are shown in Figure 3. The MTS-815 rock servo test system (Figure 4) was applied in the tests.

[figures omitted; refer to PDF]

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

In the combined support scheme, the yielding bolt is aimed at producing a certain amount of deformation in the surrounding rock to release part of the elasticity energy, while the high-strength anchor cable is aimed at strengthening the surrounding rock to prevent further deformation of the roadway. Due to the action of the high-strength prestressed anchor cable, a “conical” compressive stress zone (marked in green) is formed along the direction of the anchor cable in the deep surrounding rock of the roadway. When the spacing between anchor cables is small, the isolated “conical” compressive stress zones are connected to each other to form a wide range of compressive stress rings. On the other hand, the isolated tensile stress zones (marked in red) are formed at the anchoring ends of the anchor cables in an elliptical shape. Due to the small length of the bolt, the compressive stress rings (marked in brown) generated by the active support are in a small range. In the deep roadway with large sections and the soft rock (coal) roadway, the active support of the bolt is reduced to the auxiliary position, while the support of the anchor cable plays the primary role.

3.5.3. Grouting Consolidation

For the surrounding rock with poor integrity or with weak strength, grouting consolidation should be used as the main support, while the bolt support should work as a supplement. The high-strength and high-toughness grouting material is injected into the fissure of the surrounding rock to consolidate the rupture zone, thus recovering and improving its integrity and inherent shear resistance. As a result, the surrounding rock can resist the high geostress in deep areas. After the roadway is excavated, there is a process of crack expansion, so it is necessary to select the correct grouting time, as shown in the following section.

3.5.4. Secondary Support

Generally, it is impossible to completely control the deformation of deep high-stress soft rock roadway only by the support of anchor cable. In order to expand the range of the stress-bearing ring in the surrounding rock, it is necessary to transfer the concentrated stress from the shallow area to the deep area of the surrounding rock. In another word, it is necessary to conduct a secondary strengthening support at an appropriate time. Meanwhile, the key to secondary support for the deep soft rock roadway is its timing and strength.

The above support ideas can be summarized as “stress adjustment-strengthening-grouting-secondary support.” After the excavation, several types of support and reinforcement measures, i.e., the high-prestressed bolt, the high-strength grouting, and the prestressed anchor cable, were combined with the orderly temporal arrangement and the reasonable spatial interleaving to reduce the expansion range and the extent of the fracture area. For specific control projects of the surrounding rock in roadway, the geological and engineering conditions of site should be fully considered, and the above support concepts should be included as much as possible.

4. Verification of Support Scheme

In accordance with the stability control concept for the deep three-soft coal seam roadway, we obtained the combined support scheme of “primary yielding support + secondary grouting reinforcement” and applied it into a numerical simulation experiment. The calculation results under unsupported conditions were used as the control group. In the simulation, the displacement, stress, and plastic zone under different supporting conditions are analyzed.

4.1. Simulation Model

4.1.1. Establishment of Model

The FLAC3D model was established according to the geological conditions of the auxiliary conveying uphill roadway (Figure 10). The roadway was located in the middle of the coal seam with a net width of 5.2 m, an arch height of 2.6 m, and a wall height of 1.4 m. The dimensions of the model were 50 m × 40 m × 40 m, and the number of zones was 104400.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

In Figure 13, the stress concentration zone (marked in cyan and blue) is mainly distributed in the roof and floor. The area with smaller stress (in yellow and orange) is considered as the pressure-relief zone, mainly surrounding the roadway. After the secondary support, the range of the horizontal stress concentration zone and its distance to the roadway wall are reduced. Also, the range of the horizontal stress relief zone in the floor and the sidewalls is reduced.

From Figure 14, the vertical stress concentration zone (in blue) is mainly distributed on sidewalls, and the pressure-relief zone (in orange) is mainly distributed on the roof and floor. A large range of tensile stress zone appears on the floor, indicating that the floor heave tends to occur. Therefore, the floor reinforcement measures should be taken for the treatment of this type of roadway.

In Figure 15, the concentration areas of the maximum shear stress are observed in the roof and floor, which indicates the significance of using grouting to strengthen the shear resistance of the roof and floor. Both the range of the maximum shear stress concentration zone and its distance to the surface of the roadway have the same trend as those of the horizontal stress concentration zone.

4.2.3. Plastic Zone of Surrounding Rock under Different Supporting Conditions

The plasticity areas of the surrounding rock are shown in Figure 16. The damage form is mainly shear-p. Under the unsupported condition, the plastic zone reaches 3.0 m in the roof, and about 3.5 m in the floor, including a tensile failure zone (floor heave) of about 0.5 m. In addition, the plastic zone is about 1.3 m in the sidewalls. After the grouting reinforcement, the range of the tensile and shearing plastic zones of the roof is significantly reduced, indicating that the grouting reinforcement measures have a positive impact on the reinforcement.

[figure omitted; refer to PDF]

Based on the above analysis, when the secondary grouting support was used after about 1000 iteration steps from the primary yielding support, the horizontal stress concentration and the distribution range of the plastic zone were significantly reduced. Therefore, the field application can be used to further verify the stability control concept for the surrounding rock of roadway in the three-soft coal seam and improve its combined support scheme.

5. Field Application

The design principle of support is clarified in “Technical specifications for rock bolting in coal mine roadways (Chinese standard, GB/T 35056–2018).” The roadway is arranged in “three-soft” environment, so the combined support of rock bolt and anchor cable is suitable for this situation. The support scheme was proposed for the auxiliary conveying uphill roadway (the sections below 7# crossheading) based on the stability control concept for the surrounding rock of roadway in the three-soft coal seam, the results of displacement monitoring, loose circle observation, and numerical simulation analysis of the roadway (Figure 17).

[figures omitted; refer to PDF]

5.1. Support Parameters

The primary yielding support using the yielding bolt + shotcreting was applied to achieve the purposes of “stress adjustment” and “strengthening of the surrounding rock.” The secondary support using prestressed grouting anchor cable + U-shaped shed + shotcreting was applied to achieve the purposes of “strengthening of surrounding rock” and “grouting consolidation.”

5.1.1. Parameters of Primary Support

Based on the analysis on the results from the geostress measurement (Table 1 in Section 3.1) and the numerical simulation (Table 4 in Section 4.2), the stability of the surrounding rock of auxiliary conveying roadway was highly dependent on the high horizontal stress. Since the roadway is in a high-stress environment, it is necessary for the primary support to take pressure-relief and pressure-adjustment measures. The detailed parameters are as follows:

Initial spraying: The concrete strength was C20 (L3022008LKS concrete mix ratio report), and the thickness was 50 mm.

Bolt: In the roof and the sidewalls, each column used sixteen left-handed nonlongitudinal rib screw steel metal bolts (MSGLW-500), with the dimensions of Φ20 × 2400 mm and spacing of 800 × 800 mm. The corner bolt was tilted down by 30°. The length of the anchoring section was no less than 1400 mm. The exposed length of the bolt was 30～50 mm. The anchoring force of the bolt was no less than 130 kN, and the pretension was no less than 400 N m.

Anchoring agent. Four K2335 anchoring agents were used.

Bolt tray. The bolt tray had the arched shape and high strength, steel No. Q235, and size of 150 × 150 × 10 mm.

Reinforcement mesh. The reinforcement mesh was welded with Φ8 mm steel bar with the mesh dimension of length × width = 80 × 80 mm. The mesh size was length × width = 2700 × 900 mm. Double wire network was conducted with 10# wire. The distance between the nodes in the network was no more than 200 mm, and the stubble length of the network was 50∼100 mm.

Second spraying. The thickness was 100 mm, and the strength was C20.

Reinforced concrete in the floor. The reinforced concrete was made with double reinforced concrete, in which the diameter of the steel bar was 22 mm, the cement number was 425#, the concrete strength was C25, and the thickness was 300 mm.

5.1.2. Parameters of Secondary Support

Based on the observation of the loose circle (Figure 8 in Section 3.4) and the numerical simulation (Figure 15 in Section 4.2), the surrounding rock in the roof and floor was subject to large shear stress. Therefore, in the secondary support, the surrounding rock in the roof and floor should be strengthened. Meanwhile, the existence of fissures provided ideal conditions for grouting the surrounding rock. The results of roadway displacement monitoring (Figure 7 in Section 3.3) and velocity monitoring (Figure 12 in Section 4.2) showed that, after the primary yielding support, the displacement rate of the roadway was gradually reduced. When the primary yielding support was applied for 13 to 15 days, the displacement was expected to reach about 80% of the total amount, and the displacement rate was expected to reduce to a small range. Therefore, the best time to apply the secondary support is 13 to 15 days after the application of the primary support. The detailed parameters of the secondary support are as follows:

Anchor cable. Eight high-strength prestressed steel strands with the dimensions of Φ22 × 8300 mm were used in each row. They were arranged from the roof to both sidewalls with a spacing of 1600 mm and a pretension of 200 kN. Two high-strength prestressed steel strands with the dimensions of Φ22 × 6500 mm were used in the floor with a spacing of 2000 × 1600 mm. The anchor cable was inclined downward by 30°. The grouting anchor cable was alternately arranged with the anchor cable, as shown in Figures 17(c)–17(d)).

Grouting anchor cable. Seven 1 × 19 strand steel strand prestressed grouting anchor cables with the dimensions of Φ22 × 8300 mm were used for each row in the roof and two sidewalls. The grouting anchor cables were arranged from the center line of the roof to both sidewalls with the spacing of 1600 mm. Three prestressed grouting anchor cables with the dimensions of Φ22 × 6500 mm were used in the floor, which were arranged from the center line of the floor to the sides with the distance of 2000 mm and a row spacing of 1600 mm. The anchoring force was 400 kN, and the pretension was 250∼300 kN.

Anchor cable tray. The high-strength adjustable heart supporting tray and locks with the dimensions of 300 × 300 × 16 mm were used. Their bearing capacity was no less than 40 t. There were grouting holes with the diameter of 20 mm on the tray.

Anchoring method. The full-length prestressed anchoring was used. First, a K2335 and two Z2360 low-viscosity resin rolls were used to anchor the end. After the anchor cable was stretched, the cement slurry was injected into the free section of the anchor cable through the reserved grouting pipe, and the grouting pressure was 1.5 MPa.

Grouting material. The cement slurry (525# ordinary Portland cement with XPM nanogrouting additive) was used. The water-cement ratio of the cement slurry was adjusted within a small range according to the on-site grouting effect. The water-cement ratio was generally in the range of 0.5 : 1 to 0.7 : 1. The amount of XPM additive should be 8%∼10% of the weight of cement.

U-shaped shed. The 25# U-shaped steel was used, which consisted of 5 sections. Two pairs of cables were used at each joint between adjacent sections. The tightening torque of the cable nut was not less than 300 N·m. The upper cable of the lap joint was fixed to the shed and connected two sheds. The joint of the sheds was in a line along the roadway. The length of each bracket lap of the U-shaped shed was 500 mm, and the lap joint was fixed by two cables. The spacing between cables was no less than 200 mm, and the row spacing was 800 mm.

Reinforcement mesh. The steel mesh was laid after the shed was built. The mesh was connected to the roof and sidewalls using the cement backboard. The backboard should not be loose or having gap with the roof or sidewall. .

Grouting. Grouting was applied for consolidation after the shed was built. The thickness of the grouting was 150 mm, and the strength was C40 (using P.O42.5 cement, plus 10% cement additive).

5.2. Evaluation of Support Effect

After the completion of the combined support, the stations E1∼E4 were set below the 7# crossheading to monitor the displacement of roof and sidewalls. The results are shown in Figure 18.

(1) With combined support, the deformation of the roadway tended to be steady after two months. The maximum relative displacement of the two sidewalls was 42 mm, and the maximum displacement of the roof was 33 mm.

(2) The deformation of the roadway was small, but it took a long time, i.e., 30∼50 days, for the deformation to be stable.

(3) The displacement of the two sidewalls was greater than that of the dome. The main reason was that the horizontal stress was large, which can easily cause tensile failure of the surrounding rock of the sidewalls.

[figures omitted; refer to PDF]

After observation for more than two months, the roof subsidence rate of all the stations is less than that of the initial supporting condition, which can be regarded as the deformation rate of vertical support structure in a stable state (no more than 0.1 mm/d). When the approaching rate of two sidewalls is less than 0.15mm/d, the horizontal deformation of supporting structure approaches a stable state. The monitoring results showed that, compared with the deformation amount of roadway under the initial support condition, the displacement amount of surrounding rock of roadway after repair and reinforcement is significantly reduced. The combined support scheme of “yielding bolt + shotcreting” for primary support and “prestressed grouting anchor cable + U-shaped shed” for secondary support had a significant effect in limiting the large deformation. Using the proposed support scheme, the stability of the three soft strata roadway can meet the production demand.

6. Conclusions

(1) The auxiliary conveying uphill roadway is a typical three-soft coal seam roadway. The surrounding rock has poor cementation and low strength. Due to the influence of the deep horizontal structural stress, roof vibration occurs, causing floor heave and roof net pockets. The large tensile stress generated by the horizontal tectonic stress causes the sidewalls of roadway to break. Under the combined action of three-soft characteristics and horizontal tectonic stress, the initial deformation rate is large, its duration is long, and the surrounding rock is easily to loose and break. The radial and circumferential fractures of the surrounding rock are relatively developed and exceed the anchoring range of the bolt, causing the support effect by bolt to decrease. However, the existence of the cracks also provides ideal conditions for the grouting in surrounding rock.

(2) In the early stage of support, the stress concentration is high, and the deformation of the surrounding rock is large. Thus, the primary yielding support is used. The yielding space is reserved to release the stress of surrounding rock and allow the roadway to deform. As a result, the degree of stress concentration is moderately reduced. In the secondary support, the fissure of the surrounding rock is filled by grouting, and the integrity and mechanical properties of the surrounding rock are improved. As a result, a large range of surrounding rock in roof and floor is strengthened.

(3) When the secondary grouting support is conducted after 1000 iteration steps of the primary yielding support, there is a good effect on the stress adjustment and plastic zone control of the roof and floor. Based on the displacement results from both field measurement and numerical simulation, after the primary yielding support, the changing rate of the displacement of the roadway is gradually reduced. When the primary yielding support is applied for 13∼15 days, the displacement is expected to reach about 80% of the total amount of displacement, and that is the best time to apply the secondary support.

(4) To improve the stability of the roadway in three-soft coal seam under the influence of deep high-level tectonic stress, the control concept of “stress adjustment-strengthening-grouting-secondary support” was proposed. In addition, the corresponding combined support scheme of “yielding bolt + shotcreting” for primary support and “prestressed grouting anchor cable + U-shaped shed” for secondary support was developed. Through on-site verification, the combined support scheme can improve the stress conditions of the surrounding rock and integrate the support domain and the surrounding rock to form a whole load-bearing structure. The research results provide theoretical reference and field experience for the support of roadway in the deep three-soft coal seam.

Additional Points

Highlights. (i) A combined support scheme for the roadway in deep three-soft strata was proposed, i.e., “Yielding bolt + shotcreting” for primary support, and “prestressed grouting anchor cable + U-shaped shed” for secondary support. The support scheme provides technical guidance for the design of support in the deep, high-stress, and soft-rock roadway. (ii) The results showed that the soft characteristics of the surrounding rock and the high horizontal tectonic stress were the main factors that caused the deformation and destruction of the auxiliary conveying roadway. (iii) Through field monitoring and FLAC3D numerical simulation, the optimal time for the secondary support was 13–15 days after the primary support, when the displacement reached about 80% of its estimated total amount.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Key Laboratory of Deep Coal Mine Excavation Response and Disaster Prevention and Control, Anhui Province (Anhui University of Science and Technology), Huainan, China, 232001 (KLDCMERDPC16101 and 01CK05002), Jinxiao Liu ([email protected]), and the Key Development Plan Financial Aid Project of Shandong, China (2018GSF116002), Xinguo Zhang ([email protected]).

References

[1] M. C. He, G. F. Li, J. Wang, J. Cai, "Study on supporting design for large area serious roof caving of deep soft rock roadway in Xing'an coal mine," Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 26 no. 5, pp. 959-964, 2007.

[2] S. Chen, A. Wu, Y. Wang, X. Chen, R. Yan, H. Ma, "Study on repair control technology of soft surrounding rock roadway and its application," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 92, pp. 443-455, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.06.006, 2018.

[3] Q. Wang, R. Pan, B. Jiang, "Study on failure mechanism of roadway with soft rock in deep coal mine and confined concrete support system," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 81, pp. 155-177, DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.08.003, 2017.

[4] Y.-Z. Lee, W. Schubert, "Determination of the round length for tunnel excavation in weak rock," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 23 no. 3, pp. 221-231, DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2007.04.001, 2008.

[5] V. Marinos, "Tunnel behaviour and support associated with the weak rock masses of flysch," Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 6 no. 3, pp. 227-239, DOI: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2014.04.003, 2014.

[6] X. Sun, F. Chen, C. Miao, "Physical modeling of deformation failure mechanism of surrounding rocks for the deep-buried tunnel in soft rock strata during the excavation," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 74, pp. 247-261, DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2018.01.022, 2018.

[7] W. S. Zhu, Y. Li, S. C. Li, "Quasi-three-dimensional physical model tests on a cavern complex under high in-situ stresses," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 48 no. 2, pp. 199-209, 2011.

[8] S. C. Li, Q. Wang, H. T. Wang, "Model test study on surrounding rock deformation and failure mechanisms of deep roadways with thick top coal," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 47, pp. 52-63, DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2014.12.013, 2015.

[9] Z. X. Zhang, Y. Xu, P. H. S. W. Kulatilake, X. Huang, "Physical model test and numerical analysis on the behavior of stratified rock masses during underground excavation," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 49, pp. 134-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.11.001, 2012.

[10] Q. B. Zhang, L. He, W. S. Zhu, "Displacement measurement techniques and numerical verification in 3D geomechanical model tests of an underground cavern group," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 56, pp. 54-64, DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2016.01.029, 2016.

[11] X. X. Yang, P. H. S. W. Kulatilake, H. W. Jing, S. Q. Yang, "Numerical simulation of a jointed rock block mechanical behavior adjacent to an underground excavation and comparison with physical model test results," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 53, pp. 109-119, 2015.

[12] S. Shreedharan, P. H. S. W. Kulatilake, "Discontinuum-equivalent continuum analysis of the stability of tunnels in a deep coal mine using the distinct element method," Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, vol. 49 no. 5, pp. 1903-1922, DOI: 10.1007/s00603-015-0885-9, 2016.

[13] X. Chen, H. Guo, P. Zhao, "Numerical modeling of large deformation and nonlinear frictional contact of excavation boundary of deep soft rock tunnel," Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 421-428, 2011.

[14] A. H. Stephen, D. S. Fiorenza, V. Gioacchino, "Monitoring fracture propagation in a soft rock (neapolitan tuff) using acoustic emissions and digital images," Pure Appl. Geophys., vol. 163, pp. 2171-2204, 2006.

[15] P. Cao, Y. L. Wen, Y. Wang, "Study on nonlinear damage creep constitutive model for high-stress soft rock," Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 75,DOI: 10.1007/s12665-016-5699-x, 2016.

[16] B. Mishra, P. Verma, "Uniaxial and triaxial single and multistage creep tests on coal-measure shale rocks," International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 137, pp. 55-65, DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2014.11.005, 2015.

[17] F. Wu, J. F. Liu, J. Wang, "An improved Maxwell creep model for rock based on variable-order fractional derivatives," Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 73 no. 11, pp. 6965-6971, DOI: 10.1007/s12665-015-4137-9, 2015.

[18] H. Z. Liu, H. Q. Xie, J. D. He, M. L. Xiao, L. Zhuo, "Nonlinear creep damage constitutive model for soft rocks," Mechanics of Time-dependent Materials, vol. 21 no. 1, pp. 73-96, DOI: 10.1007/s11043-016-9319-7, 2017.

[19] M. S. A. Siddiquee, M. S. Islam, F. Tatsuoka, "Development of a nonlinear model for soft rock and its applications," Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 31 no. 2, pp. 627-645, DOI: 10.1007/s10706-013-9613-y, 2013.

[20] H. Zhu, B. Ye, Y. Cai, F. Zhang, "An elasto-viscoplastic model for soft rock around tunnels considering overconsolidation and structure effects," Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 50,DOI: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.12.004, 2013.

[21] Y. Yang, C. K. Zhu, D. Y. Chong, "Catastrophe mechanism and disaster countermeasure for soft rock roadway surrounding rock in Meihe mine," International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, vol. 25 no. 3, pp. 407-413, 2016.

[22] J. B. Bai, X. Y. Wang, M. K. Jia, "Theory and application of supporting in deep soft roadways," Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 30 no. 5, pp. 632-635, 2008.

[23] Li Chong, Z. Wang, T. Liu, "Principle and practice of coupling support of double yielding shell of soft rock roadway under high stress," International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, vol. 24, pp. 513-518, 2014.

[24] G. C. Zhang, Z. J. Wen, S. J. Liang, "Ground Response of a gob-side entry in a longwall panel extracting 17 m-thick coal seam: a case study," Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, vol. 53 no. 2, pp. 497-516, DOI: 10.1007/s00603-019-01922-5, 2019.

[25] M. He, W. Gong, J. Wang, "Development of a novel energy-absorbing bolt with extraordinarily large elongation and constant resistance," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 67, pp. 29-42, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.01.007, 2014.

[26] M. He, "Latest progress of soft rock mechanics and engineering in China," Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 6 no. 3, pp. 165-179, DOI: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2014.04.005, 2014.

[27] G. Li, Z. Jiang, C. Lv, C. Huang, G. Chen, M. Li, "Instability mechanism and control technology of soft rock roadway affected by mining and high confined water," International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, vol. 25 no. 4, pp. 573-580, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2015.05.009, 2015.

[28] W. J. Yu, W. J. Wang, W. Z. Huang, "Deformation mechanism and rework control technology of high stress and soft rock roadway," Journal of China Coal Society, vol. 39 no. 4, pp. 614-623, 2014.

[29] L. Jiang, P. Kong, J. Shu, "Numerical Analysis of Support Designs Based on a Case Study of a Longwall Entry," Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, vol. 52 no. 9, pp. 3373-3384, DOI: 10.1007/s00603-018-1728-2, 2019.

[30] X. S. Liu, J. G. Ning, Y. L. Tan, "Coordinated supporting method of gob-side entry retaining in coal mines and a case study with hard roof," Geomechanics and Engineering, vol. 15 no. 6, pp. 1173-1182, 2018.

[31] D. Fan, X. Liu, Y. Tan, "An innovative approach for gob-side entry retaining in deep coal mines: a case study," Energy Science & Engineering, vol. 7, pp. 2321-2335, DOI: 10.1002/ese3.431, 2019.

[32] Y. Kang, Q. Liu, G. Gong, H. Wang, "Application of a combined support system to the weak floor reinforcement in deep underground coal mine," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 71, pp. 143-150, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.03.017, 2014.

[33] A. Anders, "Laboratory Testing of a new type of energy absorbing rock bolt," Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 20 no. 4, pp. 291-330, 2005.

[34] L. Sun, H. Wu, B. Yang, Q. Li, "Support failure of a high-stress soft-rock roadway in deep coal mine and the equalized yielding support technology: a case study," International Journal of Coal Science & Technology, vol. 2 no. 4, pp. 279-286, DOI: 10.1007/s40789-015-0093-y, 2015.

[35] S. G. Jing, Q. Z. Wang, J. Chen, "Study on strengthening control mechanism with support and cable for roadway in “three-soft” coal seam during deep mining," Journal of mining and safety engineerin, vol. 31, pp. 938-944, 2014.

[36] Z.-B. Guo, P.-Y. Guo, M.-H. Huang, Y.-G. Liu, "Stability control of gate groups in deep wells," Mining Science and Technology (China), vol. 19 no. 2, pp. 155-160, DOI: 10.1016/s1674-5264(09)60029-6, 2009.

[37] Y. L. Lu, L. G. Wang, B. Zhang, "Optimization of bolt-grouting time for soft rock roadway," Rock and Soil Mechanics, vol. 33, pp. 1395-1401, 2012.