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Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to examine the association between toddlers' sleep arrangements and their nighttime sleep duration and other sleep variables. For this investigation, we performed a study in which child activity and sleep levels were recorded using actigraphy. The parents of 1.5-year-old toddlers (n = 106) were asked to attach an actigraphy unit to their child’s waist with an adjustable elastic belt and complete a sleep diary for 7 consecutive days. Questionnaires were used to assess the sleep arrangements of the toddlers. There was a significant negative correlation between nap duration and nighttime sleep duration, suggesting that longer nap sleep induces shorter nighttime sleep duration. Among the sleep arrangements, such as nighttime breastfeeding or co-sleeping, only nighttime breastfeeding predicted shorter nighttime sleep duration. Our findings indicate that shorter naps induce a longer nighttime sleep in 1.5-year-old toddlers while nighttime breastfeeding decreases their nighttime sleep duration.
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1 St. Luke’s International Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Chuo-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.430395.8); St. Luke’s International University, Pediatric Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, Chuo-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.419588.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0318 6320); Toho University Omori Medical Center, Department of Neonatology, Ota-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.452874.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1771 2506)
2 Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita, Japan (GRID:grid.251924.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0725 8504); National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, Kodaira, Japan (GRID:grid.419280.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1763 8916); Asai Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Chiba, Japan (GRID:grid.419280.6)
3 St. Luke’s International Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Chuo-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.430395.8)
4 Hokkaido University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan (GRID:grid.39158.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 7691)
5 Hokkaido University Hospital, Maternity and Perinatal Care Center, Sapporo, Japan (GRID:grid.412167.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0378 6088)
6 Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Shibuya-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.414929.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1763 7921)
7 Kanazawa University, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa, Japan (GRID:grid.9707.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 3329)
8 Kanazawa University, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa, Japan (GRID:grid.9707.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 3329); Kanazawa University, Institute of Human and Social Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan (GRID:grid.9707.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 3329)
9 Kanazawa University, Department of Pediatrics, Kanazawa, Japan (GRID:grid.9707.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 3329)
10 St. Luke’s International University, Pediatric Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, Chuo-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.419588.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0318 6320)
11 Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita, Japan (GRID:grid.251924.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0725 8504)
12 Toho University Omori Medical Center, Department of Neonatology, Ota-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.452874.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1771 2506)
13 St. Luke’s International Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Chuo-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.430395.8); St. Luke’s International University, Pediatric Nursing, Graduate School of Nursing Science, Chuo-ku, Japan (GRID:grid.419588.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0318 6320)