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Abstract
Cigarette smoking affects the oral microbiome, which is related to various systemic diseases. While studies that investigated the relationship between smoking and the oral microbiome by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing have been performed, investigations involving metagenomic sequences are rare. We investigated the bacterial species composition in the tongue microbiome, as well as single-nucleotide variant (SNV) profiles and gene content of these species, in never and current smokers by utilizing metagenomic sequences. Among 234 never smokers and 52 current smokers, beta diversity, as assessed by weighted UniFrac measure, differed between never and current smokers (pseudo-F = 8.44, R2 = 0.028, p = 0.001). Among the 26 species that had sufficient coverage, the SNV profiles of Actinomyces graevenitzii, Megasphaera micronuciformis, Rothia mucilaginosa, Veillonella dispar, and one Veillonella sp. were significantly different between never and current smokers. Analysis of gene and pathway content revealed that genes related to the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway in Veillonella dispar were present more frequently in current smokers. We found that species-level tongue microbiome differed between never and current smokers, and 5 species from never and current smokers likely harbor different strains, as suggested by the difference in SNV frequency.
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1 Kyoto University, Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033); Kyoto University, Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033)
2 The University of Tokyo, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (GRID:grid.26999.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 536X)
3 The University of Tokyo, Health Intelligence Center, The Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan (GRID:grid.26999.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 536X)
4 Kyoto University, Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033); Kyoto University, Department of Medical Intelligent Systems, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033)
5 Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aomori, Japan (GRID:grid.257016.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 0673 6172)
6 Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Aomori, Japan (GRID:grid.257016.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 0673 6172)
7 Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Oral Health Care, Aomori, Japan (GRID:grid.257016.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 0673 6172)
8 COI Research Initiatives Organization, Aomori, Japan (GRID:grid.257016.7)
9 Kyoto University, Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033)
10 Kyoto University, Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033)