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Abstract
Batteries are the most abundant form of electrochemical energy storage. Lithium and sodium ion batteries account for a significant portion of the battery market, but high-performance electrochemically active materials still need to be discovered and optimized for these technologies. Recently, tin(II) oxide (SnO) has emerged as a highly promising battery electrode. In this work, we present a facile synthesis method to produce SnO microparticles whose size and shape can be tailored by changing the solvent nature. We study the complex relationship between wet-chemistry synthesis conditions and resulting layered nanoparticle morphology. Furthermore, high-level electronic structure theory, including dispersion corrections to account for van der Waals forces, is employed to enhance our understanding of the underlying chemical mechanisms. The electronic vacuum alignment and surface energies are determined, allowing the prediction of the thermodynamically favoured crystal shape (Wulff construction) and surface-weighted work function. Finally, the synthesized nanomaterials were tested as Li-ion battery anodes, demonstrating significantly enhanced electrochemical performance for morphologies obtained from specific synthesis conditions.
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1 Trinity College Dublin, School of Chemistry, Dublin 2, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705); Trinity College Dublin, CRANN & AMBER, Dublin 2, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705)
2 Trinity College Dublin, CRANN & AMBER, Dublin 2, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705); University College London, Department of Chemistry, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000000121901201); Imperial College London, Department of Materials, London, UK (GRID:grid.7445.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 8111); University College London, Thomas Young Centre, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000000121901201)
3 Trinity College Dublin, CRANN & AMBER, Dublin 2, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705); Trinity College Dublin, School of Physics, Dublin 2, Ireland (GRID:grid.8217.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9705)
4 Imperial College London, Department of Materials, London, UK (GRID:grid.7445.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 8111); Yonsei University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul, Korea (GRID:grid.15444.30) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 5454); Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Didcot, UK (GRID:grid.502947.d)
5 University College London, Department of Chemistry, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000000121901201); University College London, Thomas Young Centre, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000000121901201); Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Didcot, UK (GRID:grid.502947.d); Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Didcot, UK (GRID:grid.18785.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 1764 0696)