Abstract

Local Xylocarpus granatum leaves were extracted by ethyl acetate solvent and characterized by TLC fingerprinting and 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy to contain phenolic compounds as well as several organic and amino acids as metabolic byproducts, such as succinic acid and acetic acid. Traces of flavonoids and other non-categorized phenolic compounds exhibited intermediate antioxidant activity (antioxidant IC50 84.93 ppm) as well as anticancer activity against HeLa, T47D, and HT-29 cell lines; which the latter being most effective against HT-29 with Fraction 5 contained the strongest activity (anticancer IC50 23.12 ppm). Extracts also behaved as a natural growth factor and nonlethal towards brine shrimps as well as human adipose-derived stem cell hADSC due to antioxidative properties. A stability test was performed to examine how storage conditions factored in bioactivity and phytochemical structure. Extracts were compared with several studies about X. granatum leaves extracts to evaluate how ethnogeography and ecosystem factored on biologically active compounds. Further research on anticancer or antioxidant mechanism on cancer cells is needed to determine whether the extract is suitable as a candidate for an anticancer drug.

Details

Title
Evaluation of Indonesian mangrove Xylocarpus granatum leaves ethyl acetate extract as potential anticancer drug
Author
Darmadi Jason 1 ; Rahayu, Batubara Razethy 1 ; Himawan Sandiego 1 ; Azizah Norma Nur 2 ; Kholis, Audah Hilyatushalihah 1 ; Ade, Arsianti 3 ; Kurniawaty Evi 4 ; Ismail Intan Safinar 5 ; Irmanida, Batubara 6 ; Abdurachim, Audah Kholis 7 

 Swiss German University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tangerang, Indonesia (GRID:grid.443207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 0387 1442) 
 IMERI, University of Indonesia, Drug Development Research Center, Jakarta, Indonesia (GRID:grid.9581.5) (ISNI:0000000120191471) 
 IMERI, University of Indonesia, Drug Development Research Center, Jakarta, Indonesia (GRID:grid.9581.5) (ISNI:0000000120191471); University of Indonesia, Department of Medical Chemistry, Jakarta, Indonesia (GRID:grid.9581.5) (ISNI:0000000120191471) 
 University of Lampung, Faculty of Medicine, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia (GRID:grid.442952.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0362 8555) 
 Universiti Putra Malaysia, Institute of Bioscience, Serdang, Malaysia (GRID:grid.11142.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2231 800X) 
 IPB University, Biopharmaca Tropica Research Center, Bogor, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440754.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0698 0773); IPB University, Department of Chemistry, Bogor, Indonesia (GRID:grid.440754.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0698 0773) 
 Swiss German University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tangerang, Indonesia (GRID:grid.443207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 0387 1442); Swiss German University, Directorate of Academic Research and Community Service, Tangerang, Indonesia (GRID:grid.443207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 0387 1442) 
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
e-ISSN
20452322
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2501654108
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.