The “gateway” effect of e-cigarettes may be explained by a genetic liability to risk-taking

Abstract

There is reasonable evidence of their effectiveness for smoking cessation [2] and their value in reducing harm for smokers [1,2], but critics have argued that e-cigarettes are likely to harm public health by serving as a gateway to cigarette smoking in young adults [3,4]. In this issue of PLOS Medicine, Jasmine Khouja and colleagues report one of the first studies to assess whether shared genetic risk factors may explain the association between e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking. More proportionate regulatory policies that have reduced the uptake of cigarette smoking among youth could also minimise youth uptake of e-cigarettes, namely, setting age limits on purchase, restricting the number and types of outlets where e-cigarettes can be sold, and prohibiting the marketing and advertising of e-cigarettes.

Citation: Hall W, Chan G (2021) The “gateway” effect of e-cigarettes may be explained by a genetic liability to risk-taking. PLoS Med 18(3): e1003554. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003554

Published: March 18, 2021

Copyright: © 2021 Hall, Chan. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: The authors received no funding for this work.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

E-cigarettes have become a popular method of smoking cessation and a long-term reduced-harm alternative to tobacco smoking in countries that allow their sale [1]. There is reasonable evidence of their effectiveness for smoking cessation [2] and their value in reducing harm for smokers [1,2], but critics have argued that e-cigarettes are likely to harm public health by serving as a gateway to cigarette smoking in young adults [3,4]. In Australia, concern about this putative gateway effect has led health regulators to ban the sale of e-cigarettes to adult smokers without a medical prescription [5]. In surveys, most adolescents and young adults who have used e-cigarettes have smoked cigarettes (although fewer have done so before than after smoking) [6]. Some authors have seen these findings as evidence that e-cigarettes are a gateway to smoking [7], but others argue that they are better explained by a liability to engage in risky behaviour that makes some young people more likely to smoke conventional cigarettes and to try e-cigarettes [6,8].

In this issue of PLOS Medicine, Jasmine Khouja and colleagues report one of the first studies to assess whether shared genetic risk factors may explain the association between e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking. They used data from a very large longitudinal cohort study in the United Kingdom, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, of young adults aged 23 to 26 years and calculated 5 polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for smoking initiation that they derived from genome-wide association studies of smoking initiation. They used logistic regression to assess whether the association between self-reported smoking initiation and e-cigarette use was explained by the PRS for smoking initiation. They also included negative control analyses to assess whether these PRSs were associated with other established risk factors for smoking in young people, namely, socioeconomic position at birth, externalising disorders in childhood, and risk-taking in young adulthood.

Khouja and colleagues found similar associations between the smoking initiation PRS and the initiation of both cigarette smoking (odds ratio [OR] 1.29, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.39) and e-cigarette use (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.34) by the age of 24 and an association between the PRS for smoking initiation and e-cigarette use in never smokers. The PRS for smoking initiation was also associated with the risk of gambling, a larger number of sexual partners, conduct disorder at 7 years, and parental socioeconomic position at birth. Khouja and colleagues argue that their results indicate that there may be a shared genetic aetiology for cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use and for socioeconomic position, externalising disorders in childhood, and risky behaviour. Taken together, their findings suggest that smoking and e-cigarette use are both reflections of a broad risk-taking phenotype.

No single study is ever decisive, but Khouja and colleagues’ findings are consistent with other epidemiological evidence. This includes findings that the adolescents who are most likely to experiment with e-cigarettes are those who are at higher risk of smoking cigarettes (and using other drugs) because of traits such as sensation seeking, risk-taking, and oppositional behaviour [8,9]. E-cigarette use has also not been accompanied by increased cigarette smoking among young people in the United States [10], as would be the case if e-cigarette use were a major gateway to cigarette smoking [8,9,11]. The latter findings suggest that any gateway effect of e-cigarettes is small at the population level because smoking prevalence has continued to decline, despite an increased uptake of e-cigarettes among young adults in countries that allow their sale [6,8,10].

It is still prudent public health policy to minimise youth uptake of e-cigarettes, even if their use does not lead to cigarette smoking. However, this does not require a sales ban on nicotine vaping products to adult smokers. More proportionate regulatory policies that have reduced the uptake of cigarette smoking among youth could also minimise youth uptake of e-cigarettes, namely, setting age limits on purchase, restricting the number and types of outlets where e-cigarettes can be sold, and prohibiting the marketing and advertising of e-cigarettes. These policies would allow adult smokers to access e-cigarettes for smoking cessation or as a lower risk substitute for cigarette smoking [6].

Citation: Hall W, Chan G (2021) The “gateway” effect of e-cigarettes may be explained by a genetic liability to risk-taking. PLoS Med 18(3): e1003554. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003554

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