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Abstract
It remains unclear whether caffeinated beverages could have deleterious renal effects in elderly population with underlying comorbid conditions. We investigated the associations between coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and 1-year changes in glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a large Spanish cohort of overweight/obese elderly with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This prospective analysis includes 5851 overweight/obese adults (55–75 years) with MetS from the PREDIMED-Plus study. We assessed coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption from a validated food-frequency questionnaire and creatinine-based eGFR using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Multivariate-adjusted regression models were applied to test associations between baseline coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and 1-year eGFR changes. Caffeinated coffee (> 2 cups/day) and tea (at least 1 cup/day) drinkers had 0.88 and 0.93 mL/min/1.73 m2 greater eGFR decrease respectively, compared to those with less than 1 cup/day of coffee consumption or non-tea drinkers. Furthermore, caffeinated coffee consumption of > 2 cups/day was associated with 1.19-fold increased risk of rapid eGFR decline > 3 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI 1.01–1.41). Similarly, individuals in the highest (median, 51.2 mg/day) tertile of caffeine intake had a 0.87 mL/min/1.73 m2 greater eGFR decrease. Decaffeinated coffee was not associated with eGFR changes. In conclusion, higher consumption of caffeinated coffee, tea, and caffeine was associated with a greater 1-year eGFR decline in overweight/obese adults with MetS.
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Details
Title
Consumption of caffeinated beverages and kidney function decline in an elderly Mediterranean population with metabolic syndrome
Author
Díaz-López Andrés 1 ; Paz-Graniel Indira 2 ; Ruiz, Verónica 3 ; Toledo Estefanía 4 ; Becerra-Tomás Nerea 5 ; Corella Dolores 6 ; Castañer Olga 7 ; Alfredo, Martínez J 8 ; Alonso-Gómez, Ángel M 9 ; Wärnberg Julia 10 ; Vioque Jesús 11 ; Romaguera Dora 12 ; López-Miranda, José 13 ; Estruch Ramon 14 ; Tinahones, Francisco J 15 ; Lapetra José 16 ; Serra-Majem Luís 17 ; Bueno-Cavanillas Aurora 18 ; Tur, Josep A 19 ; Sánchez, Vicente Martín 20 ; Pintó Xavier 21 ; Delgado-Rodríguez, Miguel 22 ; Matía-Martín Pilar 23 ; Vidal Josep 24 ; Vázquez Clotilde 25 ; Daimiel Lidia 26 ; Villa, Tania Fernandez 20 ; Ros, Emilio 27 ; Eguaras Sonia 4 ; Babio Nancy 2 ; Sorlí, Jose V 6 ; Goday Albert 7 ; Abete Itziar 28 ; Sierra Lucas Tojal 9 ; Barón-López, Francisco Javier 29 ; Torres-Collado, Laura 30 ; Morey Marga 12 ; Garcia-Rios, Antonio 13 ; Casas, Rosa 14 ; Bernal-López, María Rosa 15 ; Santos-Lozano, José Manuel 16 ; Navarro, Adela 4 ; Gonzalez, Jose I 6 ; Zomeño, María Dolores 7 ; Zulet, Maria Angeles 28 ; Luna, Jessica Vaquero 10 ; Ramallal Raul 4 ; Fitó Montse 7 ; Salas-Salvadó Jordi 31
1 Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Serra Hunter Fellow, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); Rovira i Virgili University, Unitat de Nutrició, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.420268.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 4904 3503); Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427)
2 Rovira i Virgili University, Unitat de Nutrició, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.420268.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 4904 3503); Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427)
3 Rovira i Virgili University, Unitat de Nutrició, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Nutrition Unit, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.411136.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1765 529X)
4 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Navarra, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (GRID:grid.5924.a) (ISNI:0000000419370271)
5 Rovira i Virgili University, Unitat de Nutrició, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.420268.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 4904 3503); Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Valencia, Department of Preventive Medicine, Valencia, Spain (GRID:grid.5338.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 938X)
6 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Valencia, Department of Preventive Medicine, Valencia, Spain (GRID:grid.5338.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 938X)
7 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.411142.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1767 8811)
8 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (GRID:grid.5924.a) (ISNI:0000000419370271); IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.482878.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0500 5302)
9 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (GRID:grid.11480.3c) (ISNI:0000000121671098)
10 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Málaga, Department of Nursing, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (GRID:grid.10215.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2298 7828)
11 Miguel Hernandez University, ISABIAL-FISABIO, Alicante, Spain (GRID:grid.26811.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0586 4893); Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427)
12 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e)
13 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Cordoba, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (GRID:grid.411901.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2183 9102)
14 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Barcelona, Department of Internal Medicine, Institutd’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.5841.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0247)
15 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Málaga, Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Malaga, Spain (GRID:grid.10215.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2298 7828)
16 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Research Unit, Department of Family Medicine, Seville, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e)
17 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Preventive Medicine Service, Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, Las Palmas, Spain (GRID:grid.4521.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1769 9380)
18 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Granada, Department of Preventive Medicine, Granada, Spain (GRID:grid.4489.1) (ISNI:0000000121678994)
19 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e); University of Balearic Islands, Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (GRID:grid.9563.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 1940 4767)
20 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of León, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), León, Spain (GRID:grid.4807.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2187 3167)
21 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.411129.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 8836 0780)
22 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Jaén, Division of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jaén, Spain (GRID:grid.21507.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2096 9837)
23 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.414780.e)
24 University of Barcelona, Department of Endocrinology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.5841.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0247); Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427)
25 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University Autonoma, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IISFJD, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5515.4) (ISNI:0000000119578126)
26 IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.482878.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0500 5302)
27 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Hospital Clínic, Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.410458.c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9635 9413)
28 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (GRID:grid.5924.a) (ISNI:0000000419370271)
29 University of Málaga, Department of Public Health, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (GRID:grid.10215.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2298 7828)
30 Miguel Hernandez University, ISABIAL-FISABIO, Alicante, Spain (GRID:grid.26811.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0586 4893)
31 Rovira i Virgili University, Unitat de Nutrició, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.420268.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 4904 3503); Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Nutrition Unit, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.411136.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1765 529X); Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230)
1 Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Serra Hunter Fellow, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); Rovira i Virgili University, Unitat de Nutrició, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.420268.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 4904 3503); Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427)
2 Rovira i Virgili University, Unitat de Nutrició, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.420268.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 4904 3503); Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427)
3 Rovira i Virgili University, Unitat de Nutrició, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Nutrition Unit, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.411136.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1765 529X)
4 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Navarra, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (GRID:grid.5924.a) (ISNI:0000000419370271)
5 Rovira i Virgili University, Unitat de Nutrició, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.420268.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 4904 3503); Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Valencia, Department of Preventive Medicine, Valencia, Spain (GRID:grid.5338.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 938X)
6 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Valencia, Department of Preventive Medicine, Valencia, Spain (GRID:grid.5338.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 938X)
7 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.411142.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1767 8811)
8 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (GRID:grid.5924.a) (ISNI:0000000419370271); IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.482878.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0500 5302)
9 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba University Hospital, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (GRID:grid.11480.3c) (ISNI:0000000121671098)
10 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Málaga, Department of Nursing, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (GRID:grid.10215.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2298 7828)
11 Miguel Hernandez University, ISABIAL-FISABIO, Alicante, Spain (GRID:grid.26811.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0586 4893); Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427)
12 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e)
13 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Cordoba, Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (GRID:grid.411901.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2183 9102)
14 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Barcelona, Department of Internal Medicine, Institutd’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.5841.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0247)
15 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Málaga, Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Malaga, Spain (GRID:grid.10215.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2298 7828)
16 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Research Unit, Department of Family Medicine, Seville, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e)
17 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Preventive Medicine Service, Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, Las Palmas, Spain (GRID:grid.4521.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1769 9380)
18 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Granada, Department of Preventive Medicine, Granada, Spain (GRID:grid.4489.1) (ISNI:0000000121678994)
19 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e); University of Balearic Islands, Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (GRID:grid.9563.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 1940 4767)
20 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of León, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), León, Spain (GRID:grid.4807.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2187 3167)
21 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.411129.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 8836 0780)
22 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Jaén, Division of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jaén, Spain (GRID:grid.21507.31) (ISNI:0000 0001 2096 9837)
23 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.414780.e)
24 University of Barcelona, Department of Endocrinology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.5841.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0247); Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427)
25 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University Autonoma, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IISFJD, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5515.4) (ISNI:0000000119578126)
26 IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.482878.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0500 5302)
27 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); Hospital Clínic, Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.410458.c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9635 9413)
28 Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University of Navarra, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (GRID:grid.5924.a) (ISNI:0000000419370271)
29 University of Málaga, Department of Public Health, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Malaga, Spain (GRID:grid.10215.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2298 7828)
30 Miguel Hernandez University, ISABIAL-FISABIO, Alicante, Spain (GRID:grid.26811.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0586 4893)
31 Rovira i Virgili University, Unitat de Nutrició, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230); Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.420268.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 4904 3503); Institute of Health Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.413448.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9314 1427); University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Nutrition Unit, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.411136.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1765 529X); Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Reus, Spain (GRID:grid.410367.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 9230)
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
e-ISSN
20452322
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2516596486
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.