Birth preparedness and complication readiness practice and associated factors among pregnant women in Northwest Ethiopia: 2018

About the Authors:

Tibeb Zena Debelie

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Abdella Amano Abdo

Roles Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia

Kiber Temesgen Anteneh

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7549-0302

Miteku Andualem Limenih

Roles Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Mengstu Melkamu Asaye

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Department of Women’s and Family Health, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Getie Lake Aynalem

Roles Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Worku Mequannt Ambaw

Roles Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Belayneh Ayanaw Kassie

Roles Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation: Department of Women’s and Family Health, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1118-2674

Solomon Mekonnen Abebe

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Introduction

Birth-preparedness and complication readiness is a comprehensive strategy aimed at promoting the timely utilization of skilled maternal and neonatal health care. It is a programming tool to address delay causing factors (delay in seeking care, delay in reaching care, and delay in receiving care)at various levels [1,2]. It is one of the essential interventions that WHO recommended being included in the ANC services package [3].

Pregnancy and childbirth-related problems are major public health challenges for many countries in the world. In Sub-Saharan Africa, in the year 2017, there was a total of 542 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births which are nearly 2/3 of the total maternal deaths worldwide. Ethiopia is one of the 15 countries in the world which is considered to be high alert areas. Also, among the countries that contribute to the high maternal mortality ratio (MMR) [4,5].

Women die as a result of complications that arise during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Other complications may exist before pregnancy but are worsened during pregnancy [6]. The major complications that account for 80% of all maternal deaths are severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth), infections (usually after childbirth), high blood pressure during pregnancy (preeclampsia and eclampsia), unsafe abortion [7,8]. Most maternal deaths are avoidable, as the health-care solutions to prevent or manage complications are well known [9]. Those problems can be alleviated by implementing a basic Maternal and Child Health (MCH) service [10]. All women need access to high-quality care provided by skilled health professionals during pregnancy, during childbirth, and care and support in the weeks after childbirth [11]. Study findings showed births attended by skilled health care professionals improves the chance of survival both for the mother and the fetus [12,13].

Preparing the women during pregnancy for labor and delivery and possible complications that may arise at any stage of the process will play a major role in decreasing maternal mortality and morbidity [14]. Engaging holistic stakeholders including women, her families, the community, facilities, and providers and preparing for labor and the possible complications will help to avoid the delays in decision making to seek care, accessing service, and getting care in facilities [15]. ANC follow up is one of the interventions that keep the course of the pregnancy safer and to prepare the women to deliver at health facilities where she gets high-quality service.

The elements of BPCR are deciding the place of delivery, knowing the preferred birth attendant, saving money, identifying compatible blood donor and labor companion, choosing support person to look after the home and other children, arranging necessary supplies and materials for labor and delivery, preparing transportation services [16]. Survey data from Ethiopia other areas indicate that there is a scarcity of combined research on women’s BPCR plan during pregnancy and actual practice at the time of delivery. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of birth preparedness and complication readiness plan during their pregnancy and practice during childbirth and its associated factors using a prospective cohort follow-up study design in Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods

Study design, setting and period

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant woman in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, from March 2017 to February 2018. North Gondar is found in Amhara regional state, it recently reorganized in to three administrative zones (North Gondar, Central Gondar, and West Gondar). It has an estimated population of 1,477,931. There are a total of 138 health centers and 15 hospitals providing services for the community.

Study population

All pregnant women who are permanently residing (at least for the last 6 months) in the selected urban and rural Kebeles of North Gondar Zone were included in the study. Pregnant women who were severely ill and unable to respond were excluded from the study. The study followed all pregnant women from pregnancy up to 6 weeks post-partum.

Study size

The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula considering the following statistical assumptions: Magnitude of post-partum family planning was 12.3% taken from a study done on postpartum family planning utilization in Kebribeyah town, Ethiopia [17]. Level of significance 5%, Z α/2 = 1.96, and Absolute precision or margin of error = 2%, the calculated sample size is 1035. With a design effect of 1.5 and loss to follow up 5%, the final sample size was 1631.

Sampling technique

A Multistage clustered sampling technique was used to select the woredas in North Gondar Zone. Initially, 20% (5) of the Woredas were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Then 58 Kebeles were selected from a total of 148 kebeles in the five selected Woredas using a simple random sampling technique. All pregnant mothers in the selected Kebeles were the sampling units at the baseline. In case where the samples were not adequate in one Kebele, the nearby Kebeles were included.

Data collection tools and procedure

Data were collected by face to face interview using a semi-structured questioner adapted from the safe motherhood questionnaire developed by maternal and neonatal health program of the Johns Hopkins Program For International Education In Gynecology and Obstetrics (JHPIEGO), to determine BPCR plan and practice of the women [15].

The dependent variables were birth preparedness and complication readiness practice. Independent variable like sociodemographic characteristics (age, ethnicity, marital status of the mother, educational status of the mother, occupation, husband’s educational status, husband’s occupational status, residence, household wealth index, decision making on maternal health care service utilization) were collected. Obstetric characteristics (Number of living children, number of pregnancy, the outcome of last pregnancy, outcome of the last birth, Mode of delivery of last birth, pregnancy complications, frequency of ANC visit, and BPCR plan) were taken. Data collection of BPCR plan was done at the baseline, and women were followed up to delivery to collect actual BPCR practice following delivery.

Five criteria were set to determine BPCR these are identifying the place of delivery, choosing skilled birth attendants, saving money for labor and delivery, arranging transportation, and blood donor. Women who said they had planned three of the five components were considered as having a BPCR plan during pregnancy. During delivery, if they had at least three of the five components at hand, they were considered practicing BPCR. Prepared mothers were given 1 while non-prepared mothers were given 0. The cutoff point was implemented by various works of literature in the past [18–20].

Data quality assurance

To ensure data quality, questioner first prepared in English and translated back to Amharic and back to English to maintain consistency. Thirty data collectors were recruited and ten supervisors monitored the data collection process. Three days of training was provided both for data collectors and supervisors. The data collection tool was pretested among pregnant women out of the study area on 5% of the total sample size. The data collection process was closely supervised and the collected data were checked daily for completeness and consistency.

Data processing and analysis

The data was cleaned and coded manually to ascertain completeness and consistency. Then it was entered into EPI data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were performed and explained with tables and graphs. Wealth index was analyzed using principal component analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with BPCR practice. Variables with a p-value of 0.2 in bivariate analysis were entered into a multivariable logic regression model and considered statistically significant at a P-value of <0.05. The adjusted odds ratio with a 95% CI interval was used to determine the degree and direction of the association between covariates and the outcome variable.

Ethical approval and consent to participate

Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical Review Board of the University of Gondar with Ref. No.O/V/P/RCS/05/310/2017. Written consent was obtained from each study participant after informing the objective of the study. In the consent, statements about the potential risk, benefit, and confidentiality were included. Participants were informed that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time and also, informed written consent was obtained from participants before conducting the interview.

Results

Socio-demographic characteristics

In the selected Kebeles there were a total of 1625 pregnant women at the time of data collection. Out of these 5 individuals were not willing to participate in the study. We enrolled a total of 1620 pregnant mothers to the cohort at the baseline (during pregnancy). At the end line (during delivery), there were a total of 1523 participants involved in the data collection making a loss to follow up rate of 5.98%. The mean age of the respondents was 27.7 ±5.78 years. Regarding marital status 1461 (95.93%) of the respondents were married. Six hundred seventy-six (44.39%) of the mothers were not able to read or write. The majority of the respondents (93.96%) belong to Amhara ethnicity. Among the respondents, 1000(65.7%) were housewives. Nearly a third of the participants stated they had no access to public transportation (27.3%) (Table 1).

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Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristic of study participants at North Gondar Zone, 2018 (n = 1523).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249083.t001

Obstetric characteristics of the respondents

Among the study participants, 435 (28.56%) reported this was their first pregnancy. Most participants 1371(90%) and 1487(97.6%) reported their pregnancy was planned and wanted respectively. From the participants who had previous pregnancy (child birth experiences), 154(14.37%) had 5 or more alive children. The majority of the respondents (67.97%) reported they started their ANC follow up after the first trimester (16 weeks of gestation). Among the multiparous respondents, (6.14%) had a history of stillbirth whereas, 133 (12.2%) had pregnancy-related complications in the past. Six hundred one (55.6%) of the respondents stated they had institutional delivery in the past (Table 2).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 2. Obstetric characteristics of study participants at North Gondar Zone, 2018 (n = 1523).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249083.t002

Prevalence of BPCR

The prevalence of the BPCR plan of the women was estimated to be 66.1 [95% CI (63.8,68.5)] during her pregnancy and the actual practice at the time of birth increased to 73.5 [95% CI 71.3–75.7]. From the respondents that said they had a BPCR plan during pregnancy, 23.6% failed to practice it at the time of delivery (Fig 1).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Fig 1. BPCR plan and practice among the cohort of pregnant women in North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249083.g001

BPCR plan and practice in comparison with ANC follow up

The BPCR practice of the women was higher 86.3% when a woman attended four ANC follow-up. As the frequency of visits increased more than 3 times, both the planning and the actual practice of BPCR was increasing simultaneously. Pregnant women who do not attend ANC follow up, not only have a smaller BPCR planning and practicing but also their actual practice at the time of delivery was lower than what they claimed they planned to do during pregnancy (Fig 2).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Fig 2. BPCR plan and practice versus number of antenatal care visits among pregnant women in North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249083.g002

BPCR plan and BPCR practice of the women

From the components of the BPCR, the most practiced at the time of delivery were identifying labor companion (91.73%), preparing essential items for delivery (90.81%), and identifying support person for the household (88.09%). Whereas arranging potential blood donors (20.49%) and identifying skilled attendants (67.54%) were the least practiced elements during delivery.

All of the components of BPCR were practiced than they were planned except for identifying the place of delivery which showed a slight decrement (86% to 85%) in actual practicality of the plan (Table 3).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 3. Individual BPCR plan and practice among the cohort of pregnant women in North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018 (n = 1523).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249083.t003

Factors associated with BPCR

On bivariate analysis, factors like, maternal age, education, husband education, residence, number of families, types of health facility, Wealth index, number of pregnancies, planning of pregnancy, Decision on maternal health care utilization, knowledge of danger signs of pregnancy, time ANC is initiated in months, number of ANC visits counseling on BPCR and counseling on institutional delivery were significantly associated with BPCR at p-value <0.2.

Variables which have significant association in multivariate analysis were; Number of ANC visit [AOR: 1.97 (95% CI:(1.67–2.32)], number of family in the household [AOR: 1.14 (95%CI:(1.00–1.30)], highest wealth index [AOR:1.87(95%CI:(1.16–3.01)], Multigravidity [AOR: 0.30 (95% CI: (0.15–0.62)] joint decision making with a spouse [AOR:2.2 (95% CI: 1.25, 3.82)], get counseling about BPCR [AOR: 2.35 (95% CI:(1.51–3.68)], were found significantly associated with BPCR practice (Table 4).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 4. Bivariate and Multivariate analysis of factors associated with BPCR Practice among pregnant women, North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249083.t004

Discussion

BPCR plan is a simple and easily implemented strategic tool that helps a woman to have a safe and sound labor and delivery experience. It can be implemented at any time during pregnancy thereby eases the women’s burden of decision making at the time of labor and delivery. Antenatal care is one of the windows of opportunities to educate the women about BPCR for every woman attending the services. However, sometimes this simple strategy is not implemented appropriately or the women fail to practice what has been implemented at the time of her pregnancy when labor starts. This study assessed the BPCR plan of a woman at the time of pregnancy as well as her actual practice during labor in five Woredas of North Gondar Zone.

The prevalence of BPCR practice at the time of birth was 73.5 [95% CI 71.3–75.7]. This is lower than the study conducted in Karnataka, India (79.3%). The possible explanation for this could be, the Indian study included women who attended Primary Health Care (PHC) services. Whereas in our study we enrolled all pregnant women in the community [21] besides, there is a difference in the socio-economic characteristics of respondents. On the other hand, our finding is higher than studies conducted in Southern Ethiopia 48.5%, Anguak 23.4%, and Goba 29% [18,22,23]. The possible explanation for this difference could be the difference in the study population, and time gap. In Southern Ethiopia and Goba studies, women within 12 months postpartum were included which may lead to recall bias and decreased the prevalence. The study in Agnuak, on the other hand, includes pregnant women starting from the 3rd months of pregnancy which may decrease the prevalence as many women practice BPCR later in pregnancy.

Frequent ANC visits were one of the factors for BPCR practice at the time of birth. For a unit increase in the ANC attendance, there was a 19.8% increase in BPCR practicing. This is in line with studies conducted in Agnuak, chamwino district Tanzania and North West Ethiopia [19,22,24] were BPCR increased as the women attended four and above ANC follow. The possible explanation for this could be, women who attended the recommended number of ANC visits might get BPCR counseling at every visit, which in turn will help her to retain the repeated advice given by the health care professionals. However, even though the number of ANC visits highly determined the BPCR practice of the women, 8.6% of the women who attended the recommended ANC visit failed to be prepared for birth. This might show there is still a gap in the implementation of BPCR among full ANC utilizers.

For a unit increase in the family size, there was an 11.4% increased chance of the BPCR practice. This is supported by a study conducted in Adama town [25] where women were found to be more prepared as the number of families in the household was higher. The possible explanation might be as the number of the family increases it will be easier for the women to assign tasks such as selecting blood donor with compatible blood group, to the people who live near her as BPCR is not solely the responsibility of the women but also her family [15].

Women having the highest wealth assets were 2.01 times more likely to practice BPCR than women in the lowest quartile. This is supported by studies conducted in India [21]. The possible explanation for this might be people in the highest quartile will have the means to save money for emergency funding and transportation.

Mothers who became pregnant for the first time practiced BPCR than those mothers who are pregnant with their second child or more. Mothers who are pregnant for the second time or above were 43% less likely to practice BPCR. This is supported by the studies conducted in Southern Ethiopia and Wolaita Zone [26,27]. The possible explanation for this might be since multigravida mothers have prior experience of having a child it may make them reluctant towards the pregnancy than the primiparous women who have perceived experience of childbirth as a high-risk condition. The findings of our study were contrary to studies conducted in rural India and Adigrat where multigravida women were found to practice BPCR [28,29].

Women who involve their husbands on maternal health care utilization decision making were 1.9 times more likely to practice BPCR than women who decided by themselves. This might be because, in many countries in Africa including Ethiopia where the majority of the breadwinners are males, and men have the economic and decision making power over maternal health care utilization [30] if the husband is involved in the decision-making process, he is more likely to support her with what is needed to execute BPCR practice, including money provision, decision during the time of emergency and accompanying her during the labor and delivery which will enable her to utilize maternal health care services early and prepare for birth and possible complication that may arise. This finding is supported by studies conducted in Kenya and Bangladesh [15,31,32].

Women who were advised on BPCR were 2.35 times more likely to practice during labor and delivery. This is supported by a study conducted in Adigrat Town [29]. The possible explanation for this might be, if a woman is counseled appropriately about BPCR during pregnancy she will be able to implement it at the time of delivery even if they failed to plan ahead of time.

Conclusion

The prevalence of BPCR practice was higher than studies conducted in other parts of the country. However, BPCR practice was found to be lower than the standard that every woman should practice the plan at the time of delivery. Intersectoral collaborative interventions required to improve the economic status and living standard of families in the community as well as multiple awareness creation strategies should be implemented to support women to attend ANC follow up visits. Moreover community mobilization and women empowerment platforms to promote joint decision making related to maternal health service utilization between partners.

Strength and limitations of the study

Limitations.

As the results were based on self-report, there might be social desirability bias which may increase the prevalence.

Strength.

We tried to assess the BPCR plan of the women during pregnancy as well as the actual practice immediately after delivery; which will significantly reduce the recall bias. Being a community-based study with a larger sample size including urban and rural residents, it could manifest the actual problem at the community level.

Supporting information

S1 File. Raw SPSS dataset.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249083.s001

(SAV)

Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to the University of Gondar for the ethical approval. We would also like to thank the data collectors and supervisors. Finally, and most importantly we would like to thank all women participating in the study without them this work would not have been possible.

Citation: Debelie TZ, Abdo AA, Anteneh KT, Limenih MA, Asaye MM, Lake Aynalem G, et al. (2021) Birth preparedness and complication readiness practice and associated factors among pregnant women in Northwest Ethiopia: 2018. PLoS ONE 16(4): e0249083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249083

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