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© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Algae are considered pigment-producing organisms. The function of these compounds in algae is to carry out photosynthesis. They have a great variety of pigments, which can be classified into three large groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Within the carotenoids are xanthophylls. Xanthophylls (fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin) are a type of carotenoids with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities, due to their chemical structure rich in double bonds that provides them with antioxidant properties. In this context, xanthophylls can protect other molecules from oxidative stress by turning off singlet oxygen damage through various mechanisms. Based on clinical studies, this review shows the available information concerning the bioactivity and biological effects of the main xanthophylls present in algae. In addition, the algae with the highest production rate of the different compounds of interest were studied. It was observed that fucoxanthin is obtained mainly from the brown seaweeds Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum spp., and Fucus spp. The main sources of astaxanthin are the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp. Lutein and zeaxanthin are mainly found in algal species such as Scenedesmus spp., Chlorella spp., Rhodophyta spp., or Spirulina spp. However, the extraction and purification processes of xanthophylls from algae need to be standardized to facilitate their commercialization. Finally, we assessed factors that determine the bioavailability and bioaccesibility of these molecules. We also suggested techniques that increase xanthophyll’s bioavailability.

Details

Title
Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids
Author
Pereira, Antia G 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Otero, Paz 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Echave, Javier 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Carreira-Casais, Anxo 2 ; Chamorro, Franklin 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Collazo, Nicolas 2 ; Jaboui, Amira 2 ; Lourenço-Lopes, Catarina 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Simal-Gandara, Jesus 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Prieto, Miguel A 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; [email protected] (A.G.P.); [email protected] (P.O.); [email protected] (J.E.); [email protected] (A.C.-C.); [email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (N.C.); [email protected] (A.J.); [email protected] (C.L.-L.); Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal 
 Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; [email protected] (A.G.P.); [email protected] (P.O.); [email protected] (J.E.); [email protected] (A.C.-C.); [email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (N.C.); [email protected] (A.J.); [email protected] (C.L.-L.) 
First page
188
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
16603397
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2531057009
Copyright
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.