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© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) infection has been hypothesized. However, to date, there has been no in vitro or in vivo evidence supporting this. Cross-reactivity exists between SARS CoV-2 and other Coronaviridae for both cellular and humoral immunity. We show here that IgG against nucleocapsid protein of alphacoronavirus NL63 and 229E correlate with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) clinical severity score ≥ 5 (incidence rate ratios was 1.87 and 1.80, respectively, and 1.94 for the combination). These laboratory findings suggest possible ADE of SARS CoV-2 infection by previous alphacoronavirus immunity.

Details

Title
Previous Humoral Immunity to the Endemic Seasonal Alphacoronaviruses NL63 and 229E Is Associated with Worse Clinical Outcome in COVID-19 and Suggests Original Antigenic Sin
Author
Focosi, Daniele 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Genoni, Angelo 2 ; Lucenteforte, Ersilia 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Tillati, Silvia 3 ; Tamborini, Antonio 4 ; Pietro Giorgio Spezia 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Azzi, Lorenzo 6 ; Baj, Andreina 7   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Maggi, Fabrizio 7 

 North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy 
 Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (L.A.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (F.M.) 
 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (E.L.); [email protected] (S.T.) 
 Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy; [email protected] 
 Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] 
 Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (L.A.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (F.M.); Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy 
 Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (L.A.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (F.M.); Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy; [email protected] 
First page
298
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20751729
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2531151800
Copyright
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.